Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics - Vol 06, No 12 (2006)
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/110859
Tabla de contenidos
Artículos
- La economía agraria y los recursos naturales ante la globalización económica
- Latin America’s «New Open Regionalism» and WTO Negotiations: The Case of Agriculture
- Liberalization and reform of the agricultural sector: Lessons from Mexico
- Freer international trade and the consequences for EU rural areas
- Rural development in the EU
- Poverty and environmental degradation under trade liberalization: Searching for second-best policy options
- A proposal to correct external effects in the coffee market: A tax on regular coffee and tea to subsidise the fair trade coffee
- Is there any conflict between tourism globalization and natural resources?
- Impact of climate policy on the Basque economy
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Publicación La economía agraria y los recursos naturales ante la globalización económica(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Gallastegui, Carmen; Sumpsi, José María[ES] La globalización no constituye un fenómeno nuevo ni debe equiparse al proceso de internacionalización. En la actualidad la globalización viene de la mano de un proceso tecnológico que permite la realización de actividades económicas, a escala planetaria, en tiempo real.Publicación Poverty and environmental degradation under trade liberalization: Searching for second-best policy options(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Pascual, Unai; Martínez-Espiñeira, Roberto[EN] Forest based agricultural systems in the tropics are being opened up to international trade at an unprecedented rate.This is the case of tropical agriculture in Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which is also having significant impacts on the decentralized land use decisions of small-scale farmers and on the natural resource base on which they depend. This paper develops a bioeconomic model of a typical forest-land based farming system that is integrated with the non-farm labour sector, as typically found in tropical regions. The data used to generate the simulations were gathered in two communities of Yucatan (Mexico) in 1998-2000. Through a systemdynamics framework, the agro-ecological and farming economic subsystems are integrated and the current situation of price liberalization that is negatively affecting soil capital and income levels is compared to a scenario that precludes an «optimal path to extinction» through careful policy intervention. This second-best case is based on a targeted policy mix that seeks to maintain the system viable for as long as possible above an irreducible poverty level. The policy intervention involves, simultaneoulsy, subsidizing off-farm wage rates, intensification of land use, and the control of households’ rights to the forest commons. The model shows that such policy intervention can result in a large positive discounted net payoff basedon the increased incomes for the farming community after deducting the implementation costs of such intervention.Publicación Impact of climate policy on the Basque economy(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) González, Mikel; Dellink, Rob[EN] In this paper analyze the economic effects of CO2 emission reductions in the Basque Country (Spain) using an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model with specific attention to environment-energy-economy interactions. Environmental policy is implemented through a system of tradable pollution permits that the government auctions. The costs of different levels of CO2 abatement are discussed, focusing on the variations of macroeconomic, sectoral and environment-energy variables. Results show that the costs for achieving the Kyoto targets can remain limited if the appropriate combination of changes in fuel-mix and restructuring of the economy is induced.Publicación Is there any conflict between tourism globalization and natural resources?(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Riera Font, Antoni; Capó Parrilla, Javier; Palmer Tous, Teresa[EN] Globalization and Tourism are two of the most analyzed economic phenomenon of the last decades. Their great significance and important impacts on economy may be the main reasons for this increasing interest. Remarkable growth in Tourism has similar causes to Globalization, so we can talk about Tourism Globalization. In this context, one of the most used arguments by Globalization critics is their relevant impacts on the environment. Then, it becomes necessary to analyze the potential conflict between tourist development and natural resources conservation. Tourism is dependent upon natural resources in the way that environmental degradation damages destination image and their competitiveness. In this way, only through the decrease of the environmental problems and overexploitation of natural resources it is possible to guarantee a sustainable tourism. Having this objective in mind, optimal destination management has an extensive range of policy instruments, as «command and control» mechanisms or «incentive based» tools applied by public administrations and different private initiatives adopted by the industry.Publicación A proposal to correct external effects in the coffee market: A tax on regular coffee and tea to subsidise the fair trade coffee(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Galarraga, Ibon; Markandya, Anil[EN] This paper justifies the need to introduce a tax on regular coffee drinkers in the UK to subsidise the fair trade/organic coffee production. This policy will allow to take full account of the negative external effect of regular coffee production while internalising the positive effect of fair trade initiatives. Designing such a policy is possible and the benefits of it can be calculated. This paper shows how.Publicación Rural development in the EU(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Buckwell, Allan[EN] This article analyses the evolution of European rural regional economies and the Community’s public regional policies, with a view to drawing lessons for other areas of the world, especially Latin America. After presenting relative size data for the EU regions based on population, territory, employment and income, the article analyses the key economic and social trends in these areas, together with the underlying explanatory factors. The main conclusion is that the economic development of the rural regions of the EU is much more due to the overall national economic development issues, than to rural development policies. Therefore, the way to achieve rural development is by means of a good overall economic development policy, and national policies are more determining than EU-wide policies in the overall economic development of the EU member states. The article finishes with a summary of the lessons to be learnt from EU rural development policy, which suggest the need for radical policy change based on a reduction in the agricultural component coupled with an increase in the territorial and environmental components.Publicación Freer international trade and the consequences for EU rural areas(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Bureau, Jean-Christophe[EN] General equilibrium models estimated by various authors and institutions show that, although trade liberalization leads to aggregate welfare gains, there are winners and losers. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent rural regions have won or lost in the trade opening process that has been underway since the 1990s. The economic literature on international trade and regional development suggests the presence of opposing forces, making the global impact of international trade liberalization on rural areas ambiguous. Using a series of empirical studies, the author assesses the impact of trade opening on the European regions, observing a significant proportion of losers in the trade liberalization process among the rural regions of Europe. The article concludes with an analysis of the negative effects of welfare losses on the environment and territorial ordering in many rural regions, and suggests the need to address the problem by modifying current EU policies.Publicación Liberalization and reform of the agricultural sector: Lessons from Mexico(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Yúnez Naude, Antonio[EN] In this article I examine the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to investigate its impact on agriculture and the rural economy in Mexico and assess the policies the country has adopted to support the process. The first conclusion is that NAFTAhas confirmed some predictions (an increase in the trading of agricultural and fresh fish products between member countries and price cuts to Mexican producers of non-competitive crops). The second conclusion is the non-fulfilment of other predictions, an important one of which was an increase in the production of Mexican maize —the country’s main crop and form of human sustenance, and considered non-competitive. The Mexican experience, however, shows that the polarized view of some political agents, which is reflected in their choice of public policies, has led to contradictions between goals and policies, that is, the protection of food safety and sovereignty in the context of an agricultural trade liberalization framework. The article concludes by indicating some of the lessons the Mexican experience has to offer to other Latin American countries with existing or pending free trade agreements.Publicación Latin America’s «New Open Regionalism» and WTO Negotiations: The Case of Agriculture(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2006) Valdés, Alberto; Foster, William[EN] This article analyses past trade trends and agricultural protectionism in Latin American agriculture, by examining observed changes in Latin American agriculture and trade policies over the last 20 years that have led to what the authors call the«New Open Regionalism». It also discussed the conflicting interests and various trading positions taken up by Latin American countries in multilateral trade talks, as a result of the strong heterogeneity between net agricultural exporters and importers. The authors show that the repeated failure of the Doha round of trade talks opens the door for bilateral or sub-regional free trade agreements, concluding with the prediction that regional integration in Latin America will come about as a result of agreements between various sub-regional trade blocs. The weakness of internal demand makes the development of the region’s agri-food sector highly dependent on exports, the growth of which is one of the main economic drivers in these countries, particularly net exporters. In addressing the issue of the distribution of profits from trade liberalization, the authors propose a variety of schemes that have already proved their effectiveness in countries such as Mexico, Turkey, Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua and Honduras.