Blanco-Pons, SilviaCarrión-Ruiz, BertaLerma, José Luis2019-09-052019-09-0520181380-7501https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/125098[EN] Currently, marker-based tracking is the most used method to develop augmented reality (AR) applications (apps). However, this method cannot be applied in some complex and outdoor settings such as prehistoric rock art sites owing to the fact that the usage of markers is restricted on site. Thus, natural feature tracking methods have to be used. There is a wide range of libraries to develop AR apps based on natural feature tracking. In this paper, a comparative study of Vuforia and ARToolKit libraries is carried out, analysing factors such as distance, occlusion and lighting conditions that affect user experience in both indoor and outdoor environments, and eventually the app developer. Our analysis confirms that Vuforia¿s user experience indoor is better, faster and flicker-free whether the images are properly enhanced, but it does not work properly on site. Therefore, the development of AR apps for complex outdoor environments such as rock art sites should be performed with ARToolKit.Reserva de todos los derechosArchaeologyAugmented reality (AR)Mobile applicationsMarkerless trackingARToolKitVuforiaINGENIERIA CARTOGRAFICA, GEODESIA Y FOTOGRAMETRIAArtículo10.1007/s11042-018-6609-xAbierto