When simulating the macroscopic current flowing through cardiac ion channels, two mathematical formalisms can be adopted: the Hodgkin–Huxley model (HHM) formulation, which describes openings and closings of channel ...

Atrial arrhythmias, and specifically atrial fibrillation (AF), induce rapid and irregular activation patterns that appear on the torso surface as abnormal P-waves in electrocardiograms and body surface potential maps (BSPM). ...

Non-invasive localization of continuous atrial ectopic beats remains a cornerstone for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias. The lack of accurate tools to guide electrophysiologists leads to an increase in the recurrence ...