2nd WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference

The Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia Tech) is pleased to invite you to the second edition of the WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference to be held in Valencia (Spain).

This conference will bring together professionals from municipalities, consulting firms, and universities to exchange ideas about the big challenges facing the water industry.

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/205560

Examinar

Mostrando 1 - 20 de 129

Access status: Abierto ,
Rehabilitation of existing intermittent water supply network under fund constrains using marginal increase in resilience to marginal increase in cost method
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Tiwari, Satyam; Sharma, Aniket; Pandey, Prerna; Dongre, Dr. Shilpa; Gupta, Dr. Rajesh
[EN]The battle of intermittent water supply posed a tough challenge by jointly considering a problem related to analysis, design and operation of water distribution networks (WDNs). A methodology is needed which could summon all the inefficiencies of the existing network on a single platform to achieve the different stated objectives (Indicators) under some technical and financial constraints. The main targets are: (1) reduction in losses by repairing leaks, and/or replacing pipes, (2) to increase consumer satisfaction by meeting the demands at required pressure. A multi-stage methodology is proposed to suggest a solution to the given problem. Initially, demand nodes are clustered to form District Metering Area (DMA) by considering the locations of existing valves using the methodology of Sharma et al. (2022, Accepted for publication). The methodology of Sharma et al. (2022) consists of identification of clusters and their boundaries by considering the location of existing valves. The boundaries optimization is solved using Genetic Algorithm (GA) with customer satisfaction as a constraint to identify permanent boundaries. Out of the several ways of improving the network performance in desired 5-year periods with limited budget in each year, the leak detection and repair, pipe replacement with same or higher size, and valve installation to reduce excess pressure are proposed to be targeted primarily. A fast greedy algorithm, similar to that used by Gupta and Bhave (1996) for design of WDN and Agrawal et al. (2007) for strengthening and expansion of WDN, is proposed to be used. The iterative methodology will start with existing network. Benefits in terms of improvements in both head and outflows at demand nodes due to change in any option will be calculated along with increase in cost for that option. All the options will be considered one by one. Out of several options at any stage few best will be selected. The iterative process of selection for any year will be repeated till the available fund for that year are exhausted. Final solution for the first year will become, initial solution for the next year. Solution for all the five years will be obtained. Finally, the performance of network would be assessed using suggested parameters and the results will be reported. Gupta R. and Bhave P.R. (1996). "Reliability-based design of water distribution systems", Journal of Environmental Engineering, American Society of Civil EngineersAgrawal M. L., Gupta R., and Bhave P. R. (2007). "
Access status: Abierto ,
Water use in collective student housing
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) De Jonge, Laura; De Backer, Lien; Van Kenhove, Elisa
[EN] Today, there is limited information available about actual cold and hot water use in collective student housing. Furthermore, equally little is known about how this water use is distributed throughout the day and how it is divided over all end users (e.g. toilet, shower, sink). Although some water use profiles can be found in standards and literature, these profiles are often an overestimate of the buildings water use.The production of hot water accounts for a large proportion of the total energy used in collective student housing. Current installations are often overdimensioned because the hot water use is not correctly estimated. This leads to unjustifiably higher energy use and installation cost. Understanding hot water use is important, not only for better design of domestic hot water systems in the buildings mentioned above, in order to ensure comfort, but also for a more accurate assessment of the health risks of such systems. With an oversized system, there is more stagnation of water, resulting in Legionella problems. Having more correct tap profiles available in the design phase will inevitably lead to better understanding of the dimensioning and temperature distribution of the domestic hot water.In this paper, distribution system analyses and water monitoring has been carried out for six collective student accommodations, inhabited by 1756 students. The measurements show that the average water usage of a student is limited compared to numbers mentioned in standards, namely 40 litres of cold and 20 litres of hot water a day.
Access status: Abierto ,
Which flow and pressure constraints are required for sustainable operation of Water Distribution Systems?
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Piller, Olivier; Deuerlein, Jochen; Elhay, Sylvan; Simpson, Angus
[EN] Water quantity and quality modelling tools are often used to understand the working and operate properly water distribution systems. In this paper, we discuss how to choose flow and pressure constraints at nodes and links in the distribution network graph for sustainable operation of these systems. Using practical and concrete examples, we show how the problem of choosing the appropriate flow and pressure constraints amounts to verifying that a certain algebraic condition of maximum rank holds (a constraint qualification condition), or equivalently that there is a corresponding spanning tree with unsaturated links and demand nodes. Some situations of non-convergence in the solution path are discussed.
Access status: Abierto ,
Analysis of PDA-based Water Distribution System Suspension Risk using statistical and machine learning method
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Oh, Yoojin; Park, Haekeum; Hyung, Jinseok; Kim, Taehyeon; Kim, Kibum; Koo, Jayong; Ministry of environment (South Korea)
[EN] Recently, there have been frequent cases of water shortages caused by failure to old water pipes. As water is the most basic resource in life and is an indispensable resource in various fields such as industry and agriculture, the scale of the failure is significant in the event of accidents in the water supply pipe network, and in order to minimize the damage of accidents, it is important to prevent accidents through timely maintenance. At this time, the risk map of the water shortage of the water pipeline needs to be prepared for efficient maintenance, and it needs to be managed first from the high-risk area.To this end, water shortage risk analysis due to pipe failure was performed in this study. Risk analysis is one of the ways in which water pipes are evaluated and decisions on investment plans, such as replacement or repair, can be supported. The risk is generally calculated by multiplying PoF (Probability of failure) with the resulting direct and indirect effects of CoF (Consequence of failure). In this study, PoF was derived as the failure of an individual water pipe was set as the probability of failure caused by corrosion, and in order for it to be predicted, MLP (Multi-layer perceptron) and XGBoot were developed as a data-based machine learning model. In addition, it was analyzed by setting the amount of water (supply shortage) that CoF could not be supplied due to failure, considering that the failure to the water pipe was directly linked to water shortage. In order to analyze the supply shortage at this time, the mathematical analysis of PDA (Pressure driven analysis) was performed.Finally, the developed methodology was applied to the cities of the Republic of Korea, and the risks were analyzed by calculating the PoF and CoF of individual water pipes, and the GIS technique was used to create the risk map.The results of this study can be more accurate in predicting the condition of water pipes, which can be helpful when water utilities establish maintenance plans.
Access status: Abierto ,
Optimization of reservoir treatment levels considering uncertainty in mixing at cross junctions in water distribution systems using Info-gap decision theory
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Boindala, Sriman Pankaj; Jaykrishnan, G; Ostfeld, Avi
[EN] Water distribution systems are affected by several uncertainties in multiple stages. This uncertainty makes solving the optimal design and management of WDS a multifaceted problem. Past research has focused only on solving design and management problems of system hydraulics. There have been very few studies that involve considering uncertainties that affect the water quality aspect of WDS. One of the major assumptions in solving the design and management problems of WDS is considering uniform and instantaneous mixing at the cross junctions. However, in reality, this is not true. This assumption is made due to the lack of computational power to accurately estimate the level of mixing at every junction in a water distribution network. This study focuses on considering this level of mixing as uncertain/unknown and provides the optimal treatment levels required at the reservoirs to ensure the system is immune to the level of mixing occurring at the junctions to satisfy the water quality requirements at the customer level. Info-gap decision theory-based optimization approach combined with the cuckoo search metaheuristic is proposed in this study to handle the uncertainty. The proposed methodology is applied to a 4x4 grid hypothetical network example. The study's objective is to provide the best designs that can handle the maximum variation of the level of mixing at junctions within the given budget by the designer. The maximum variation of the level of mixing is reported for different budget levels. The designs are compared with the deterministic case using Monte-Carlo simulations.
Access status: Abierto ,
Energy equations to analyze pressurized water transport systems
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) del Teso, Roberto; Gomez Selles, Elena; Estruch-Juan, Elvira; Cabrera Marcet, Enrique; Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy
[EN] Pressurized water systems are high energy demanders. They must deliver the demanded volume of water at the minimum service pressure. There is currently a marked change in production and energy tariffs, which is causing prices for water services to rise. In addition to the economic aspect, the energy demand of water systems has an environmental implication linked to gas emissions. With increasing demands, the climate change situation and the shift in energy tariffs, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of pressurized water transport systems. The lower the kWh required to supply, the more energy efficient they will be. The energy analysis of the systems will allow us to know the current situation of the systems, and to know if it is necessary to undertake improvement measures. There are different processes to know the energy status of the networks. The simplest one is to carry out a diagnosis, with little data, which will give an initial idea of the energy status of the networks. This diagnosis can be carry through by applying Bernoulli's equation. Applied from the supply points to the most unfavorable point of the system. If it is desired to know more precisely the energetic status of the networks, the use of the integral energy equation seems more reasonable. This equation makes it possible to audit the system and to know in detail the energy use for a given control volume. It allows the energy supplied to be broken down into: useful energy, structural energy losses (linked to topography) and operational energy losses (friction losses, pumping losses, leakage losses and excess energy). In order to be able to apply this method, it is mandatory to have the mathematical model of the system. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of carrying out the energy analysis of a system using the Bernoulli equation (diagnosis) or the energy integral equation (audit), and when it is convenient to apply one or the other. On one hand, the Bernoulli equation makes it possible to estimate the energy level of the network with very little data, without knowing exactly in which processes the energy introduced into the system is invested. The audit based on the integral energy equation, on the other hand, requires precise data collection and mathematical modelling, but it will provide a detailed understanding of the energy breakdown of the network. Depending on the objective of the energy analysis, it seems reasonable to apply one process or another. For a first estimation and as a start of the energy analysis, it will be sufficient to carry out a diagnosis as quickly as possible, which will allow to know if it is necessary to continue with a more in-depth research of the system status such as an energy audit.
Access status: Abierto ,
Multi-objective insights and analysis on data driven classifiers for anomaly detection in water distribution systems
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Carreño-Alvarado, Elizabeth Pauline; Hernández-Alba, Mayra; Reynoso Meza, Gilberto; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasil; Fundação Araucária, Brasil
[EN] Machine learning techniques have shown to be a powerful tool for extracting and/or inferring complex patterns from data. In the case of the so-called supervised learning, a given learner representation could learn such patterns using labeled data. For example, a helpful approach is to adjust a learner to detect anomalies: historical data can be used, where those events are identified, to find a pattern to classify new data as an anomaly (true event) or not (false event). In this example, the learner's objective is to act as a binary classifier, where a balance between false negatives (predict a typical operation, when in fact an anomaly exists) and false positives (predict an anomaly, when there is not). This balance is attained via an optimization (learning phase), where the learner representation is adjusted. Multi-objective optimization techniques have a natural way of dealing with such problems. They perform a simultaneous optimization of conflicting objectives. As a result, a set of Pareto-optimal solutions, the Pareto front, is calculated. This idea could be used in the training process of binary classifiers. Nevertheless, this requires an integral methodology, merging multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria decision making. While it is true that this idea is not new, methodologies and guidelines are still missing to conduct this process. In this work, we move toward the definition of an integrated methodology of multi-objective learning for binary classifiers for anomaly detection. An anomaly detection database for water distribution systems is used for such a purpose. Preliminary results show to be competitive regarding the F1-score to similar approaches.
Access status: Abierto ,
Mass Balance Calibration of Water Distribution Networks: application to a real case study
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Giustolisi, Orazio; Ciliberti, Francesco; Laucelli, Daniele; Berardi, Luigi
[EN] Calibration of Water Distribution Networks (WDN) hydraulic models is mandatory to effectively support their analysis and management. As such, it should not be intended as the mere matching between model outputs and filed data but, rather, as a tool to understand WDN behavior under several different hydraulic functioning scenarios. The latest advanced hydraulic models encompass a phenomenological representation of the physical behavior of based on pressure-driven analysis. From such perspective, the problem variables include the parameters of the leakage model, the observable demand patterns and the average values changing day by day, as well as pipe hydraulic resistances, especially of the main water paths feeding the system. According to global mass-balance, the total water inflow recorded at source point (i.e., tanks, reservoirs, pumps) can be used to separate the stochastic component of water outflow, i.e., consumers’ demands, from the deterministic component, i.e., pressure-dependent leakages at single pipe level. This work demonstrates the innovative mass-balance paradigm applied for the calibration of few sub-networks of a large real WDN, which uses measurements collected in five characteristic days including summer, winter, holidays and working days. The resulting model allows a more robust prediction of the real system physical behavior and provide a reliable basis to support several design and management activities.
Access status: Abierto ,
Reduction of the search space for the optimization problem of the design of the pumping station through the automatic identification of infeasible flow distributions
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Gutierrez-Bahamondes, Jimmy H.; Valdivia-Muñoz, Bastian; Mora-Melia, Daniel; Iglesias Rey, Pedro Luís; Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial
[EN] The pumping station design is a critical process in water distribution networks. This set of decisions will have an immediate impact on construction costs and determine energy consumption over the entire lifetime of the system. However, the minimization of investment and operational costs at the same time is a complex problem that has been approached from different perspectives. To achieve this goal, in recent years, it has been shown that it is possible to optimize the selection of pumps, accessories, and control systems while optimizing the flow distribution provided by the pumping stations by using the setpoint curve. However, the huge number of possible combinations and the non-linearity of the equations rule out the use of exact methods to solve the proposed mathematical model. Despite this, some metaheuristic techniques, specifically population-based evolutionary algorithms, have shown good performance against case studies in networks with a high level of simplification. Each objective function evaluation involves at least one hydraulic simulation during the analysis periods. Therefore, the computational effort grows considerably as the size of the network increases, affecting the efficiency of these algorithms and limiting their use to smaller networks. Thus, optimization of the design of pumping stations in real-size networks is a problem that has not yet been fully resolved. To reduce the number of evaluations of the objective function during the optimization process, this work presents a new method for the reduction of the search space based on the automatic identification of infeasible flow ranges as part of the network preprocessing. The method considers the maximum capacity of the available pumps, the minimum pressure required, and the demand patterns of the network. In this way, each pumping station has different restrictions for the decision variables of the mathematical model related to the flow contributions. From this point on, the algorithm does not waste any computational effort evaluating solutions that represent flow distributions previously classified as infeasible. Therefore, it is possible to accelerate the convergence of the algorithms while preserving the quality of the solutions obtained. This new method can be applied to any direct injection network. The amount of solution space reduction will depend on the characteristics of each network. To clarify, this work includes the analysis of one case study and a genetic algorithm was implemented to resolve the model. Finally, the results show a reduction of the solutions space of 80% for the largest network presented.
Access status: Abierto ,
Comparison of second and third order algorithms for steady state resolution of water distribution networks
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Creaco, Enrico; Di Nardo, Armando; Iervolino, Michele; Santonastaso, Giovanni
[EN] This paper presents the comparison of second and third order algorithms for steady state resolution of water distribution networks (WDNs). The algorithms are obtained by using the direct outflow/pressure relationship and linearizing the global equations using the Newton Raphson method. The increase in the order of convergence from quadratic to cubic is obtained by refining system matrices at half Newton Raphson step. Two variants are considered for the third order algorithm, differing in the evaluation of the matrix expressing the derivative of the outflow/pressure relationship at WDN nodes: the derivative is evaluated analytically and numerically for the first and second versions, respectively. Specifically, the numerical evaluation is obtained by using outflow and head values that are available at the half Newton Raphson step. The results of applications to five case studies of increasing complexity point out that the third order algorithm converges in a smaller number of iterations than the second order algorithm. The third order algorithm with numerical evaluation of the derivative of the outflow/pressure relationship gives significant benefits in terms of convergence performance when the service pressure range for passing from no outflow to full outflow conditions at WDN nodes is small. All the algorithms developed in this work will be considered for implementation inside the SWANP version 4.0 software
Access status: Abierto ,
Optimal Operation in Sectorized Networks with Intermittent Water Distribution
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Souza, Rui Gabriel; Brentan, Bruno; Meirelles, Gustavo; Bezzera, Daniel
[EN] The deterioration of water distribution infrastructure over the years, associated with an increase in demand and seasonal droughts can lead to an intermittent operation of the system, as the consumers cannot be supplied with a minimum pressure. The lack of investments to rehabilitate the system can be limited, and in this scenario, the intermittent water supply become a normal operation. This scenario difficulties even more the recovery of the continuous supply, as the expenses for water production increase and the revenue decrease. Thus, strategies to achieve an optimal operation in these conditions are fundamental to overcome this critical period in the best way possible. Two main objectives have to be set: minimize the operational costs, that can be described by the energy consumption in pumping stations and the volume of water lost in leakages, and, maximize water demand supplied to the consumers. Avoiding the supply during night periods, when the pressure remains high, naturally reduces the leakage volume lost. However, as the system is not operated 24h per day, it is expected a different pattern of consumption, with higher peaks during the supply period. This can lead to a significant increase in the power required by the pumps, as its head have to be higher to overcome the increased headlosses. Thus, this paper proposes an optimal operation of water distribution networks based on the scheduling of supply to different sectors of the network. This strategy aims to control the increase of the headlosses, as only part of the consumers will be supplied during a period of the day. Thus, the main pipes will not be overloaded and the power required for the pumping stations will remain low. The proposed procedure first divides the network into sub-systems using a k-means algorithm. Then, with the number of sub-systems defined, an optimal scheduling of their supply will be done. Each sub-system can have different time periods of supply, as bigger sub-system will require a higher water volume to be supplied. In addition, the pumps will be select to optimize the operation, and for each period, their rotational speed will be optimized to minimize the operational costs. The same number of sub-systems will be considered for the number of pumps in the pumping station, so adequate pumps can be selected to supply each sector. PSO algorithm will be used to optimize the operation.
Access status: Abierto ,
Experimental study of mixing phenomenon in water distribution networks under real-world conditions
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Yousefian, Reza; Duchesne, Sophie
[EN] Various studies have shown that mixing at the junction of water distribution networks (WDNs) can be neither complete nor instantaneous. Many studies have also been carried out to find the parameters that have a significant effect on the mixing phenomenon by experimental and numerical investigations. The Reynolds ratio of inlet flows, the Reynold ratio of outlet flows, the pipe size of junction's legs (junction configurations), and the type of junction (cross or double-t) are among the most important factors mentioned in these studies. Other studies also focused on developing mixing models. However, these studies and models were based on experimental conditions in which the pipe size was about 25 mm, and the pressure was about 30 kPa. Despite the fact that these models provide acceptable results on the laboratory scale and all of them have been validated based on laboratory results, many researchers still acknowledge that studies on the effects of real conditions of urban WDNs on the mixing phenomenon are lacking [1], [2] and [3]. The pipe size of junctions and the pressure inside the network are distinguishing features of real urban WDNs and laboratory setups that were used in previous studies. Therefore, this research investigates the effect of pipe size and pressure on the mixing phenomenon in a cross junction with the same pipe sizes in all four legs under real-world conditions. Flow rates and pressures were selected based on a statistical study conducted on the Quebec City WDN and previous research work, in which the pressures were 5, 140, 320 and 430 kPa, and the flow rates were a combination of 1.50, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50 and 3.00 LPS in each inlet and outlet pipes. In other words, the Reynolds number in the experiments was between 21,000 and 43,000, and the Reynolds ratio of inlet flows as well as the Reynolds ratio of outlet flows were 0.5, 0.8, 1, 1.25 and 2. In this network, two cross junctions with the same pipe size in each junction's legs of 100 and 150 mm were investigated. Salt was used as a traceable solute, and conductivity meters were used to measure the salt concentration in pipes. In this series of experiments, only one inlet had salty water. The mixing was characterized by the dimensionless concentration in outlets, defined as the observed conductivity in one of the outlet flow divided by the inlet salty water conductivity (after subtracting the conductivity of tap water for both measurements). The results showed that the pressure had only a little effect on mixing, since the dimensionless concentration changed by about 0.05 when considering the low pressure of 5 kPa as compared to the experiments with the other pressure values, while this variation dropped to about 0.02 for all pressures above 140 kPa. Between 100 and 150 mm, the pipe size modified the dimensionless concentration by about 0.035. Taking into account the uncertainty of the experiments, it can be concluded that pressure and pipe diameters (100 and 150 mm) have an in
Access status: Abierto ,
Study on iron dispersion law and control measures of dead-end branch pipe
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Chen, Jianxun; Gao, Jinliang; Wu, Wenyan; Wang, Guanghui; Ding, Qiang; Qi, Shihua; Li, Bo
[EN] The paper aims to investigate the dispersion law and mechanism of total iron from dead-end metal branch pipe to main pipe under the impact of hydraulic disturbance. A full scale experimental water distribution network including a transport main pipe as well as six dead-end branch was set up and computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulation are adopted to study the dispersion phenomenon. The cavity flow theory is adopted to clarify the inner dispersion mechanism. Firstly, the CFD model is examined through the comparison of results between the two experimental methods under the same condition. Secondly, performing the effect of the Reynolds number in main pipe on the total dispersion concentration of iron. Thirdly, the characteristics of interaction between flow field and the inner mechanism linked to streamline map and concentration distribution map are analysed based on the concept of cavity flow. The future research content is briefly proposed.
Access status: Abierto ,
Advanced fire flow risk analysis using EPANET
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Sinske, Alexander; de Klerk, Altus; van Heerden, George
[EN] A water reticulation system is key infrastructure that enables hydraulic water services. It is therefore a critical component in providing the full level of water service to a city’s consumers. Extended water outages and below minimal pressure is a risk for the water network and especially for fire flows. GLS has developed and implemented a multi-threaded client-server software application based on the latest open-source EPANET 2.2 hydraulic analysis engine which now enables city-wide fire flow risk analyses on a property-by-property basis in reasonable time. Previously it has been virtually impossible to assess the risk on a city-wide basis, for each and every property, and to consider the improvement of such risk in the master plan (MP) of the water distribution system. Hence, the focus of the MP has been the provision of flows and pressures for the peak hour demand scenario in the network. Consequently, many township developments, densifications, and land use re-zonings require a separate and focussed specific fire risk analysis to ensure the existing system is capable of providing the requisite fire flow and pressure. If not, specific additional MP items related to the fire requirements of the specific property have to be investigated and considered for implementation. The fire flow risk analysis produces a GIS-based heat map displaying a Fire Risk Compliance Score (FRCS) of areas and properties where the current system is inadequate to deliver the fire flows and pressures. Such a heat map provides valuable information that can be used to improve and prioritise the MP and minimise future additional ad-hoc analyses for specific properties or developments. The fire flow risk analysis also allows the identification of pressure management zones where adjustments to the pressure regime are required in order to ensure requisite fire flows/pressures are achieved. Various methodologies based on Pressure Driven Analysis and Demand Driven Analysis have been evaluated and tested on models from South African cities. Great care has been take to optimise the multi-threaded communication of the application with the EPANET engine to streamline performance and support concurrent hydraulic analyses. In addition, a concept of automatically creating unique fire events to reduce the number of analyses, has been introduced for large models. This has resulted in smaller cities that can be analysed on modern PCs with few processor cores in a few minutes and large cities that can be analysed in reasonable time on high-core cloud-computing platforms. Visualisation in GIS-based software greatly helps to control the analyses and interpret results visually. Critical areas can be identified on a broader scale and allows for a rational approach to decide where to focus on network augmentation, or alternatively to provide on-site fire fighting capabilities.
Access status: Abierto ,
Biofungus: fungus MBBR pilot plant on Murcia Este WWTP
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Mena, Eva; Gadea, Alicia; Monreal-Bernal, Alfonso; López‐García, Sergio; Garre, Victoriano; Lara-Guillén, Andrés
[EN] Concerns about energy efficiency and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) lead development of new and alternative processes. Conventional activated sludge systems have a high energy consumption and footprint. Alternative processes are nowadays implemented to reduce them. In this study, we present the results of Biofungus project. Influent wastewater is treated under real conditions and continuous operation in a two-step Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) pilot plant based on Mucor fungus. Several strains and spontaneous mutants of the Mucor fungus were investigated. Those showing improved growth performance, wastewater resistance and nitrate consumption rate were isolated in laboratory and used at the pilot plant. Moreover, the in-situ growth at the pilot plant of the fungus from spores is implemented at the plant as a parallel process. The obtained effluent water meets regulations requirements, showing a high COD and suspended solids (SS) removal (87% and 94% on average respectively) and total nitrogen removal of 35% on average. The Biofungus pilot plant treatment works analogous to a conventional activated sludge process. One of the difficulties observed is the retention of the fungi during the process. The volume of carriers used at the MBBR is between 25-30% of the aeration tank. They allow the fungi to grow attached to them avoiding the dilution of its concentration by flotation and loss from this tank. This stage is followed by a settling tank, where the biomass is either recirculated to the aeration tank or purged to a sludge thickener tank. The process is a two-stage process with aerobic and anoxic reactors. The Mucor fungus specialized in the nitrate consumption is dosed into the anoxic reactor after a different Mucor string has consumed the DQO at the MBBR. Both stages are connected by a primary settling tank and a secondary decanter clarifies water after anoxic stage. After this secondary decanter the treated water is obtained. The retention time on the plant is between 6 and 10 hours and the treated volume is 3,6m3/day. The Mucor fungus has proved able to eliminate high ammonia and nitrate concentrations in sort periods of time, resulting on consumption rates of 1,6 mgN-NO3/h. Finally, its resistance to CECs has been evaluated under a wide range of contaminants including drugs, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and hormones. Almost no toxicity to contaminant concentrations as high as 20 mg/l was observed. The water treatment performance has been also tested with a combination of CECs at 200µg/l and no influence has been observed after a week over the effluent water quality.
Access status: Abierto ,
Data Driven Monitoring of IOT enabled Water Distribution Networks
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Raphael, Rohit; Narasimhan, Sridharakumar
[EN] Real time monitoring capabilities of many domestic water networks are still very limited. This could lead to several direct and indirect issues such as inability to detect leaks leading to wastage of water, failure to identify over usage and exploitation of water by certain end nodes in the system, non-equitable supply of water and abnormalities like pipe volume reduction due to scaling and deposition of silt in pipelines. Since water networks are expected to operate for several decades, these issues lead to large uncertainty in the quantity of the water being supplied and utilised by any community. The present work proposes a system for monitoring the water supply system with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) where sensors and free spectrum communication techniques measure, transmit, store and analyse parameters of interest like flow, level and vibration. Here we make use of easily available and economically feasible sensing techniques like ultrasonic level sensors, hall effect based flow sensors and 3 axis gyroscope based vibration sensors. Suitable communication modules based on free spectrum transmission techniques like HC-12 and LoRa are utilised for transmitting the data from the sensor nodes. This work emphasizes the use of non-intrusive sensing methods, thereby reducing the difficulties arising due to disruption in water supply during installation and maintenance of the system. Low-cost monitoring capabilities and scalability are inherent advantages of the proposed work.
Access status: Abierto ,
Experimental analysis for the losses assessment in water distribution systems
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Darvini, Giovanna; Soldini, Luciano
[EN] Water leaks assessment is a crucial aspect for the management of the water distribution systems. One strategy commonly used for the leakage reduction is to control the network pressure. Many studies have been dedicated to both the definition of the law between the leaks flow rate and the network pressure and the parameters that influencing the phenomenon. This paper presents the preliminary results of an experimental research on the water leaks evaluation conducted at the Laboratory of Hydraulics and Maritime Construction at the Università Politecnica delle Marche in Ancona, Italy. The tests were carried out varying the hydraulic operating conditions and simulating leakages from holes with different shape and size. Furthermore, different pipe materials were considered. The first results of the laboratory experiments show that the leakage from the hole increases as the pressure in the pipeline increases. The coefficients of the mathematical law for the leakage evaluation in function of the pressure were estimated. The results were compared with similar studies described in the literature.
Access status: Abierto ,
Roadmap Drinking Water Distribution: an inventory of the challenges of the Dutch Water companies and research needs towards a future proof water supply
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Blokker, Mirjam; van Laarhoven, Karel; Holzhaus, Petra; Vreeburg, Jan
[EN] New developments bring challenges for the water sector. While the world quickly changes, the distribution network is relatively inert and can only slowly change. The drinking water companies in the Netherlands perform a joined research program (BTO, BedrijfsTak Onderzoek) to the impact of rapid world changes to the drinking water supply and prepare measures to cope with this. In 2020 broad expert panels of all drinking water utilities participating in the BTO discussed their expected and desired future developments, ultimately leading to a new roadmap for distribution research for the period till 2050. This roadmap is the backbone for the new research period for the BTO and simultaneously serves as a reflection on the present research program. The most important societal challenges in which Dutch drinking water companies want to invest are found in in (a) cooperation in the underground, (b) customer satisfaction, (c) water quantity and quality and (d) future-proofing of the distribution network. For the research program this indicates that knowledge needs to be expanded in three directions: (1) water quality and temperature of the drinking water in the distribution network, (2) justified decisions on maintenance and replacements and (3) transition toward strategic network design.
Access status: Abierto ,
PathoInvest: Pathogen Contamination Investigations during Emergencies
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Paraskevopoulos, Sotirios; Vrachimis, Stelios; Kyriakou, Marios; Pavlou, Pavlos; Kouzapas, Dimitris; Milis, George; Smeets, Patrick; Eliades, Demetrios; Medema, Gertjan; Polycarpou, Marios; Panayiotou, Christos; European Commission
[EN] Emergencies and disasters (such as earthquakes and floods), may contaminate drinking water systems with pathogens, that can affect the health of both First Responders and Citizens. As part of the Horizon 2020 “Pathogen Contamination Emergency Response Technologies” (PathoCERT) project, we are developing a Digital Twin tool (PathoINVEST) to assist First Responders and Water Authorities in investigating and responding efficiently to drinking water contamination events. In this paper, we present preliminary work on PathoINVEST, its architecture, and how it operates with the PathoCERT ecosystem of technologies. Moreover, using an illustrative case study, we demonstrate how PathoINVEST will process data and produce useful insights for the First Responders during a realistic contamination event. This work demonstrates how different research results can be integrated into a holistic water contamination emergency management system, in accordance with the needs of First Responders who need to make decisions within a limited time frame and to reduce the impact of a contamination event.
Access status: Abierto ,
A Thorough Cybersecurity Dataset for Intrusion Detection in Smart Water Networks
(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024-03-06) Murillo, Andrés; Taormina, Riccardo; Tippenhauer, Nils; Galelli, Stefano
[EN] The increase in the number and complexity of cyber-physical attacks on water distribution systems requires better intrusion detection systems. So far, the design and validation of such systems has relied on datasets, such as the EWRI 2017 BATtle of the Attack Detection ALgorithms (BATADAL), that provide a detailed representation of hydraulic processes in response to cyber-physical attacks. However, the BATADAL, generated with epanetCPA, does not include an equivalent and detailed representation of the processes occurring within the industrial communication system. Here, we fill in this gap by presenting the BATADAL 2.0 dataset, generated with the DHALSIM simulator, a novel co-simulation environment that can represent the hydraulic processes, digital control, and network communication of smart water networks. The dataset includes a broad variety of attacks and network anomalies. Most importantly, the availability of both process and network data is expected to pave the way to more advanced and accurate detection algorithms.

Examinar

Envíos recientes