Aplicación de la terapia basada en exosomas con biomateriales en la regeneración del Sistema Nervioso Central

Abstract

[ES] En este trabajo de final de máster, se propone la realización de una revisión bibliográfica sobre los exosomas empleados en ingeniería tisular para la aplicación en lesiones del sistema nervioso central (SNC). En dicha revisión se estudiarán las características de los exosomas, sus métodos de aislamiento y como pueden ser combinados con nanomateriles para poder penetrar a través la barrera hematoencefálica en el SNC.

[EN] Regenerative medicine is a field based on helping tissues to heal by offering growth factors or improving environment and conditions to enhance regeneration. One of the biggest aims of regenerative medicine is Central Nervous System injuries due to lack of regeneration of this system unlike Peripheral Nervous System. Many kinds of researches are carried on to find solutions to this problem. Lately, exosomes therapy has grown in this field with a solution. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by many kinds of cells and work as transporters between cells, carrying RNA and proteins which activate different metabolic pathways. These carriers can be used as drug transporters to deliver certain substances in harmed areas. This is the basis of exosomes therapy, which has been applied in several pathologies and cases. Exosomes therapy appeared as a replacement of stem cell therapy because exosomes derived from stem cells have been demonstrated to carry the desired factors to achieve the same effect and offer a huge advantage being less immunogenic than stem cells, which means that the answer of the host body is going to have less aggressive respond to the addition of these foreign bodies. Exosomes are not only based on pure exosomes therapy but there are ways of improving its performance in therapy. It is needed especially to extend delivery time to maintain the effect during a large period of time. In order to do this exosome therapy has also been studied companied by biomaterials such as hydrogels and bioscaffolds which has some effects reducing inflammation and making more comfortable the environment. The main disadvantages of exosome therapy are the low efficiency in isolate and mass produce these vesicles to be used them in clinic. Looking for solutions some research teams have been testing artificial exosomes based in two different methodologies of creating exosomes instead of naturally collect them from cells. Exosomes have demonstrated to be a very useful tool in regenerative medicine but not only in applications in Central Nervous System but in all kinds of applications that require drug delivery, and also it is appearing its information providing role as natural biomarker associating some proteins and RNA to expression of concrete pathologies. The research on exosomes is growing with lot of potential applications and opportunities.