Abstract:
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[EN] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a major role in bone tissue engineering (BTE) thanks to their capacity for osteogenic differentiation and being easily available. In vivo, MSCs are exposed to an electroactive ...[+]
[EN] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a major role in bone tissue engineering (BTE) thanks to their capacity for osteogenic differentiation and being easily available. In vivo, MSCs are exposed to an electroactive microenvironment in the bone niche, which has piezoelectric properties. The correlation between the electrically active milieu and bone's ability to adapt to mechanical stress and self-regenerate has led to using electrical stimulation (ES) as physical cue to direct MSCs differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage in BTE. This review summarizes the different techniques to electrically stimulate MSCs to induce their osteoblastogenesis in vitro, including general electrical stimulation and substrate mediated stimulation by means of conductive or piezoelectric cell culture supports. Several aspects are covered, including stimulation parameters, treatment times and cell culture media to summarize the best conditions for inducing MSCs osteogenic commitment by electrical stimulation, from a critical point of view. Electrical stimulation activates different signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) Smad-dependent or independent, regulated by mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p38. The roles of voltage gate calcium channels (VGCC) and integrins are also highlighted according to their application technique and parameters, mainly converging in the expression of RUNX2, the master regulator of the osteogenic differentiation pathway. Despite the evident lack of homogeneity in the approaches used, the ever-increasing scientific evidence confirms ES potential as an osteoinductive cue, mimicking aspects of the in vivo microenvironment and moving one step forward to the translation of this approach into clinic.
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Thanks:
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This work was supported by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through Projects PID2019-106000RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011 033, PID2019-106099RB-C41/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ...[+]
This work was supported by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through Projects PID2019-106000RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011 033, PID2019-106099RB-C41/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PID2019-106099RB-C43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (including FEDER funds). The CIBER-BBN initiative is funded by the VI National R&D&I Plan 2008-2011, Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, Consolider Program. CIBER actions are financed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III with assistance from the European Regional Development Fund. Maria Guillot-Ferriols received government funding for her doctoral thesis [Grant Number BES-2017-080398FPI]. Funding from the FCT Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) under the strategic funding UID/FIS/04650/2020 and from the Basque Government Industry Departments under the ELKARTEK program is also acknowledged.
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