Viroid-like colonists of human microbiomes

[EN] Here, we describe "obelisks,"a class of heritable RNA elements sharing several properties: (1) apparently circular RNA 1 kb genome assemblies, (2) predicted rod-like genome-wide secondary structures, and (3) open reading frames encoding a novel "Oblin"protein superfamily. A subset of obelisks includes a variant hammerhead self-cleaving ribozyme. Obelisks form their own phylogenetic group without detectable similarity to known biological agents. Surveying globally, we identified 29,959 distinct obelisks (clustered at 90% sequence identity) from diverse ecological niches. Obelisks are prevalent in human microbiomes, with detection in 7% (29/440) and 50% (17/32) of queried stool and oral metatranscriptomes, respectively. We establish Streptococcus sanguinis as a cellular host of a specific obelisk and find that this obelisk's maintenance is not essential for bacterial growth. Our observations identify obelisks as a class of diverse RNAs of yet-to-be- determined impact that have colonized and gone unnoticed in human and global microbiomes.