|
Abstract:
|
There is growing interest in the development of biomimetic matrices that are simultaneously
cell-friendly, allow rapid vascularization, exhibit enough mechanical integrity to be comfortably
handled and resist mechanical ...[+]
There is growing interest in the development of biomimetic matrices that are simultaneously
cell-friendly, allow rapid vascularization, exhibit enough mechanical integrity to be comfortably
handled and resist mechanical stresses when implanted in the site of interest. Meeting all these
requirements with a single component material has proved to be very challenging.
The hypothesis underlying this work was that hybrid materials obtained by combining scaffolds
with bioactive hydrogels would result in a synergy of their best properties: a construct with
good mechanical properties, easily handled and stable thanks to the scaffold; but also, because
of the gel, cell-friendly and with enhanced oxygen and nutrients diffusion, and promoter of cell
colonization. Moreover, such a composite material would also be useful as a controlled release
system because of the gel’s incorporation.
Poly (ethyl acrylate) (PEA) scaffolds prepared with two different morphologies were envisaged
to provide the mechanical integrity to the system. Both types of scaffolds were physicochemically
characterized and the effect of the scaffolds production process on the PEA
properties was examined. The scaffolds preparation methods affected the PEA properties;
nevertheless, the modifications induced were not detrimental for the PEA biological
performance.
Two different bioactive gels were studied as fillers of the scaffolds’ pores: hyaluronan (HA),
which is a natural polysaccharide, and a synthetic self-assembling peptide, RAD16-I. HA is
ubiquitously present in the body and its degradation products have been reported to be
angiogenic. RAD16-I is a synthetic polypeptide that mimics the extracellular matrix providing a
favourable substrate for cell growth and proliferation.
Given the hydrophobic nature of poly(ethyl acrylate), the combination of PEA scaffolds with
aqueous gels raised a number of problems regarding the methods to combine such different
elements, the ways to gel them inside the pores, and the procedures to seed cells in the new
composite materials. Different alternatives to solve these questions were thoroughly studied and
yielded protocols to reliably obtain these complex structures and their biohybrids.
An extensive physico-chemical characterization of the components’ interaction and the
combined systems was undertaken. As these materials were intended for cardiac tissue
engineering applications, the mechanical properties and the effect of the fatigue on them were studied. The different composite systems here developed were homogeneously filled or coated
with the hydrogels, were easy to manipulate, and displayed appropriate mechanical properties.
Interestingly, these materials exhibited a very good performance under fatigue.
The use of the composite systems as a controlled release device was based on the possibility of
incorporating active soluble molecules in the hydrogel within the pores. A release study of
bovine serum albumin (BSA), intended as a model protein, was performed, which served as a
proof of concept.
The biological performance of the hybrid scaffolds was first evaluated with fibroblasts to discard
the materials cytotoxicity and to optimize the cell seeding procedure. Subsequently, human
umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultures were performed for their interest in
angiogenic and vascularization processes. Finally, co-cultures of HUVECs with adipose-tissue
derived mesenchymal cells (MSCs) were carried out. These last cells are believed to play an
important role for clinical regenerative medicine, and their cross-talk with the endothelial cells
enhances the viability and phenotypic development of HUVECs. Through the different
experiments undertaken, hybrid scaffolds exceeded the outcome achieved by bare PEA scaffolds.
[-]
|
