Characterization and enzymatic degradation study of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-based biocomposites from almond agricultural by-products

Abstract

Reinforced poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/almond skin (AS) biocomposites were prepared by extrusion and injection moulding at different AS contents (0, 10, 20, 30 wt%) in order to revalorize this agricultural residue. AS particles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Hemicelluloses were the first compound thermally degraded (263 +/- 2 degrees C) followed by cellulose (330 +/- 5 degrees C) and lignin (401 +/- 3 degrees C) with a remaining residue of 20% which was associated to the fibre content present in AS. Mechanical, morphological, thermal, and water absorption properties; and enzymatic degradation using Pseudomonas lipase were evaluated for the obtained biocomposites. A significant improvement in Young's modulus with a gain of 73% at 30 wt% AS loading was obtained compared to neat PCL An increase in Shore D hardness and decrease in elongation at break and impact energy were also observed with increasing AS content caused by the reinforcement effect. Lower DSC thermal enthalpies and higher crystallinity were obtained for the biocomposites. Some decrease in thermal stability and higher water absorption values were also found with AS addition. Finally, the presence of AS retarded the enzymatic degradation of PCL, showing neat PCL higher weight loss after 25 days of study followed by PCL with 10 wt% AS. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.