Virtual Archaeology Review - Vol 16, No 33 (2025)

Tabla de contenidos

Towards a shared and transparent methodology for hypothetical virtual reconstructions: selected case studies
3D hypothetical reconstruction of a Neolithic hut from the waterlogged site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain)
3D virtual reconstruction of seven scenes from the Tulunid lost city in Egypt
“Between Philo of Byzantium and archaeology”. Virtual reconstruction of the Punic-Hellenistic defensive system of the site of Castillo de Doña Blanca (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain)
Graphic reconstruction of a vanished architectural heritage: The “Puerta de la Carne” in Seville
Redesigning Bramante's rounded perspective: digital speculations on the unbuilt cloister of the Tempietto
Digital reconstruction of Barros Lima’s design for São Torcato Sanctuary, 1825
Documenting the Dragon Gate in Antonio Gaudí’s Finca Güell in Barcelona
Technical advantages bridging the preservation limits of painted decoration of Neolithic ceramic figurines
Detection of funerary monuments in the northern necropolis of Segobriga using multispectral and georadar imaging/li>
Graphic surveying methodologies for urban underground environments: the Bétera cave dwellings, Valencia
The lost altar of the Ptolemaic Sanctuary at Hermopolis Magna (Egypt): hypothetical reconstruction and publication of the Rizkallah Makramallah excavation work
Road mobility simulation in the mining region of Sisapo and Almadén in Roman times: application of network analysis (GIS)

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Access status: Abierto ,
"Entre filón de Bizancio y la arqueología". La reconstrucción virtual del sistema defensivo púnico-helenístico del yacimiento "Castillo de Doña Blanca" (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, España)
(2025-02-04) Sicre-González, Pablo
[EN] This study presents the virtual reconstruction of the Punic-Hellenistic defensive system of Doña Blanca Castle (CBD) through the use of virtual archaeology, which has allowed considerable progress to be made in the understanding of the polyorcetic techniques of this chronology in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. The application of new technologies such as geo-referenced digital photogrammetry and 3D architectural modelling has been key in the detailed documentation of the settlement's defensive structures. This approach has revealed a modular design and planning common to other contemporary fortifications, suggesting a high level of military organisation and strategy in this key settlement during the Second Roman-Carthaginian War. The main contribution of this study is the reconstructive hypothesis of the defensive system of the CBD, which has improved the understanding of Punic-Hellenistic fortification in the Iberian Peninsula. Thanks to this analysis, common planning patterns have been identified in this type of military construction, revealing a modular design and functionality in the defensive organisation. Among the most outstanding elements of this reconstruction is the finding of the existence of postern gate, i.e. openings that would have been used to allow the exit or entry of defensive troops, thus carrying out an active defence of the fortification. This characteristic reinforces the idea of strategic military planning, where each component of the defensive system was aimed at improving the site's protection capacity in a war context. The linking of the overall structure of the fortification with the artillery torsion machines typical of the period has also been a revealing perspective, as it shows that the builders were not only thinking of passive defences (walls and towers), but also of the active use of advanced military devices for the defence of the settlement. Another crucial aspect of the study is the use of classical sources, such as the writings of Philo of Byzantium, which have been instrumental in the development of reconstructive hypotheses. Ancient treatises offer a valuable perspective that helps to guide the interpretation of archaeological finds, providing a theoretical framework for understanding how these defensive systems were organised and functioned in Antiquity. Philo of Byzantium, in particular, was an expert in fortifications and poliorcetic, and his descriptions of artillery machines and fortification elements have allowed comparison of the structures exhumed in the CBD with other fortifications of the same period. The virtual reconstruction and detailed analysis of the defensive system of the CBD has been possible thanks to the implementation of virtual archaeology, which has allowed us to generate our own methodology and workflow. The analysis, study and dissemination of the results have improved the transfer of knowledge to the specialised public and society in general. Virtual a
Access status: Abierto ,
Redesigning Bramante's rounded perspective: digital speculations on the unbuilt cloister of the Tempietto
(2025-07-24) D'Addario, Nicola; Garrido de Oliveira, Carla; European Commission
[ES] Este estudio explora la reconstrucción digital especulativa de un claustro circular no realizado, diseñado por Donato Bramante como parte de su proyecto para el Tempietto de San Pietro in Montorio, Roma, hacia 1502 1510. Basándose en el dibujo conservado de Sebastiano Serlio la única representación contemporánea de este proyecto y empleando modelado digital en 3D, el estudio examina dos configuraciones potenciales del claustro, arrojando luz sobre la integración de los principios vitruvianos en la teoría arquitectónica renacentista por parte de Bramante. La investigación destaca los desafíos impuestos por las singulares restricciones espaciales del Tempietto, así como el papel de los arquetipos arquitectónicos clásicos, en particular el paradigma de la columna y el arquitrabe en los diseños clásicos. Documentando el proceso de reconstrucción, este estudio aplica metodologías de reconstrucción digital, incluida la escala de incertidumbre de Apollonio-Fallavollita-Foschi, para explorar las soluciones arquitectónicas y estructurales y las referencias que Bramante podría haber considerado. Al abordar si se podría haber propuesto un sistema basado en arquitrabe o en arcos, la investigación ofrece perspectivas sobre la intención arquitectónica de Bramante. Este análisis destaca el potencial de las reconstrucciones digitales para abordar diseños históricos caracterizados por altos niveles de incertidumbre e interpretar obras arquitectónicas perdidas. Como parte del proyecto internacional CoVHer, esta investigación demuestra el valor de las herramientas digitales en la preservación del patrimonio cultural y su capacidad para reinterpretar obras arquitectónicas perdidas o no realizadas. Estos hallazgos enriquecen la historiografía de la arquitectura, ofreciendo nuevos enfoques para verificar y reimaginar diseños históricos. Investigaciones futuras podrían ampliar estas metodologías para explorar otras reconstrucciones especulativas, uniendo la indagación histórica con técnicas contemporáneas de visualización.
Access status: Abierto ,
Simulación de movilidad viaria en la región minera de Sisapo y Almadén en época romana: aplicación de análisis de redes (SIG)
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025-07-24) González Nieto, Miriam; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
[EN] This article examines mobility in the Roman mining micro-region of Almadén, focusing on the road networks that facilitated the extraction and transport of cinnabar (minium). This region is located in the southeastern part of the province of Ciudad Real, bordering the provinces of Badajoz and Córdoba. Through an interdisciplinary approach, combining historical and archaeological analysis with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, the authors reconstruct the secondary mobility network and examine its role in the territorial and economic organisation of the region during the Roman period. The research employs the MADO (Optimal Displacement Accumulation Model) and GIS technologies to simulate the routes that connected mining centres to major distribution hubs, such as Córdoba, through primary routes like the Corduba-Sisapo road. The study integrates several datasets, including topographical analyses, ancient literary sources, and archaeological findings, to determine plausible paths for the transport of cinnabar. The findings highlight the strategic significance of Cerro de las Monas , identified as a crucial node within the secondary road network. This site's prominence is supported by its advantageous location, proximity to mining centres, and the archaeological remains indicative of its role in facilitating cinnabar transport. In addition, the study explores the wider settlement hierarchy in the region, with Sisapo standing out as the administrative and logistical hub for cinnabar production and distribution. This settlement probably played a pivotal role in controlling regional mobility and overseeing resource management. The research demonstrates how settlements such as Cerro de las Monas and Sisapo functioned collaboratively to optimise cinnabar extraction and distribution. Sisapo s position as the mining capital of Hispania consolidated its role in connecting local and imperial economic networks. From Sisapo, cinnabar would have reached Córdoba, where it was integrated into the larger Roman transport system, enabling its distribution across the Empire. Methodologically, the use of the MADO is particularly valuable to study areas where primary infrastructure left minimal physical traces. By simulating optimal routes based on topography, resource accessibility, and distances between settlements, this approach offers a new way to reconstruct mobility systems in historically complex landscapes. Additionally, GIS technology contributes to a comprehensive visualisation of the landscape, enhancing our understanding of how mobility networks evolved and operated within their historical contexts. These digital tools not only allow the reconstruction of ancient routes but also provide a framework for exploring human-environment interactions and the socio-economic dynamics of Roman mining regions. This article also reflects on the broader implications of network analysis in archaeology, particularly its potential to explore the intersection of human activities and natural landscapes. By applying these methods to the Almadén mining microregion, the research offers a case study that underscores the importance of integrating digital tools with traditional archaeological approaches. The insights gained here can serve as a methodological reference for future studies focused on mobility, resource management, and territorial organisation in other Roman provinces.
Access status: Abierto ,
Towards a Shared and Transparent Methodology for Hypothetical Virtual Reconstructions: Selected Case Studies
(2025-07-21) Barceló, Juan A.; Fallavollita, Federico; Erasmus+
[EN] This article presents a selection of case studies developed within the Erasmus+ project CoVHer Computer-based Visualization of Architectural Cultural Heritage (2022 2025), alongside the underpinning methodological framework. The project focused on the digital reconstruction of architectural works that have been lost or were never built, addressing critical concerns regarding the scientific credibility, transparency, and educational value of such hypothetical reconstructions. Building on previous collaborations, including contributions to the DFG Research Network: Digital 3D Reconstructions as Tools of Architectural Historical Research (2018 2022), CoVHer further developed key concepts and best practices in the field. It aimed to establish a shared methodology and vocabulary for virtual 3D reconstructions, especially in cases where physical remains are absent. The project produced four main results: (1) a set of theoretical principles and operational guidelines (CoVHer Guidelines) for assessing the scientific quality of 3D reconstructions, structured around criteria such as constructive accuracy, source traceability, interoperability, and communicative effectiveness; (2) a series of 3D case-study reconstructions developed by partner institutions and evaluated according to these criteria, incorporating polygonal and mathematical modelling as well as virtual and mixed reality technologies; (3) the CoVHer Repository, an online platform designed to store and share scientifically validated reconstructions, complete with documentation and metadata structured using a CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)-based ontology; and (4) the development of Open Educational Resources, including a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) hosted by the University of Bologna and blended learning modules implemented across participating institutions. Through this integrated approach, CoVHer has contributed to defining standards and tools for scholarly reconstruction practices, promoting critical engagement with digital heritage, and enhancing educational strategies in architecture and historical studies. The project s outcomes are intended to support researchers, educators, and cultural institutions in producing and disseminating credible, transparent, and reusable virtual reconstructions.
Access status: Abierto ,
The Lost Altar of the Ptolemaic Sanctuary at Hermopolis Magna (Egypt): Hypothetical Reconstruction and Publication of the Rizkallah Makramallah excavation work
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2025-07-24) Bassioni, Ahmed M.
[ES] La investigación aborda el estudio, la publicación y la reconstrucción hipotética tridimensional (3D) de una construcción de adobe del período ptolemaico, situada dentro de un santuario helenístico en Hermópolis Magna, en el Egipto Medio. El sitio del santuario fue excavado en 1945 por Rizkallah Makramallah, antiguo profesor de la Universidad de Alejandría, cuyos hallazgos permanecieron en gran parte inéditos y poco conocidos hasta el presente estudio. Esta investigación amplía nuestra comprensión del potencial de reconstrucción de la estructura de adobe, propuesta como un altar helenístico perdido, en relación con el conjunto más amplio del santuario. Además, aclara la dinámica de planificación arquitectónica y espacial entre los santuarios helenísticos de Hermópolis Magna y Alejandría, proporcionando nuevos conocimientos comparativos sobre las funciones religiosas, cívicas y ceremoniales de estos monumentos a lo largo del período ptolemaico. El estudio enfrenta los importantes desafíos derivados de la ausencia de notas de campo, dibujos arquitectónicos o planos publicados; así se hizo necesario realizar un análisis visual meticuloso de la evidencia fotográfica capturada desde múltiples perspectivas y en diversos estados de conservación. Estas imágenes fueron sometidas a un escrutinio interpretativo y comparativo, integrándolas en software avanzado de modelado digital 2D y 3D; se pudo así reconstruir la forma, las proporciones, el diseño y las características arquitectónicas del monumento. La estructura reconstruida se examina a continuación en relación con altares helenísticos análogos desde el punto de vista tipológico, descubiertos en Egipto, Grecia continental y Asia Menor. Este enfoque multidisciplinario no solo revitaliza un aspecto previamente olvidado del santuario, sino que también mejora la comprensión global de los paisajes topográficos, urbanos y religiosos de Hermópolis Magna durante el período grecorromano. Además, este trabajo propone nuevas hipótesis sobre la organización espacial, la monumentalidad, la accesibilidad al culto y las prácticas rituales dentro de la arquitectura sagrada ptolemaica provincial.
Access status: Abierto ,
Technical advantages bridging the preservation limits of painted decoration of Neolithic ceramic figurines
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Ka?áková, Ludmila; Nosek, Vojt?ch; Kreiter, Attila; Aradi, László El?d; Ko ?ál, Martin; Akademie Věd České Republiky
[ES] La pintura de objetos cerámicos es una de las características más destacadas de la narración visual de la cultura material neolítica en Europa sureste y parcialmente Europa central. Lamentablemente, la conservación de la pintura aplicada después de la cocción suele ser baja debido a las condiciones de deposición. Además, puede haber sido dañada o contaminada debido a los procesos posteriores a la excavación y la conservación en el pasado. Los nuevos métodos de detección visual de rastros de pigmentos (DStretch) brindan un mayor éxito en la identificación de pigmentos y pinturas y en la reconstrucción de motivos, lo que conduce tanto a una protección más centrada sin contaminantes como a una comprensión más amplia de los motivos preferidos por las sociedades neolíticas en su narración. Los algoritmos de decorrelación se han utilizado ampliamente para analizar el arte rupestre y las pinturas murales, pero su aplicación a los artefactos móviles sigue siendo limitada. DStretch, una herramienta clave en este proceso, mejora los contrastes de color en imágenes digitales para detectar rastros de pigmentos débiles, que a menudo se pasan por alto en el análisis macroscópico estándar. Sin embargo, este método está poco utilizado en arqueología, especialmente para pigmentos frágiles en artefactos móviles. Al aplicar DStretch a fotografías de alta resolución o texturas de modelos 3D, podemos identificar restos de pigmentos sin dañar el objeto. La versatilidad del algoritmo se extiende a varios canales de color, lo que permite la detección de rastros sutiles en diferentes pigmentos, lo que mejora la conservación y el análisis general de los datos.
Access status: Abierto ,
Detection of funerary monuments in the northern necropolis of Segobriga using multispectral and georadar imaging
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Cebrián, Rosario; Hortelano, Ignacio; Ortiz, Irene; Vallés, Javier
[ES] La constatación arqueológica de estructuras funerarias localizadas a 2400 m de la ciudad de Segobriga y la excavación de cinco monumentos sepulcrales alineados en uno de los costados de la vía principal de entrada/salida de la ciudad, junto a los hallazgos antiguos de inscripciones, esculturas y restos arquitectónicos de carácter funerario, confirman la existencia de una extensa necrópolis tipo Gräberstraße en Segobriga, utilizada por las clases sociales más elevadas, incluidos ricos libertos. Sin embargo, se desconocía la estructuración espacial de los monumenta y su relación entre sí y con la vía, necesaria para alcanzar conclusiones sobre la organización topográfica y densidad constructiva de la necrópolis. Por ello se han llevado a cabo recientemente, dentro del proyecto de investigación dedicado al estudio del suburbio septentrional, prospecciones geofísicas con georradar GPR y mediante imágenes multiespectrales capturadas con dron, con el objetivo de identificar nuevos monumentos funerarios, no visibles en superficie, a lo largo del trazado de la calzada. Este trabajo analiza la metodología y procesamiento de las dos técnicas empleadas y evalúa su aplicabilidad comparada para la detección de restos enterrados en suelos calcáreos. Como resultado, la interpretación de los datos ha permitido reconocer dos hileras continuas de mausoleos dispuestos, en primera fila, a ambos lados de la vía, así como otros monumentos en segunda fila pero aislados, siguiendo el modelo itálico de viae funerarias difundidas en áreas cementeriales del oeste del Imperio romano a partir de finales del siglo I a.C.
Access status: Abierto ,
Graphic reconstruction of a vanished architectural heritage: The Puerta de la Carne in Seville
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Gámiz-Gordo, Antonio; Anton Garcia, Daniel; Barrero-Ortega, Pedro; Agencia Estatal de Investigación
[EN] Seville was at the height of its commercial prosperity in the 16th century. It was then decided to renovate the gates of its walled enclosure using a Renaissance architectural language, following a report by the architect Hernán Ruiz II from 1560. The Puerta de la Carne was located near the Judería district and close to the city’s slaughterhouse. Asencio de Maeda directed the work execution around 1577. After being deemed an urban obstacle, the gate was demolished in 1864. For its graphic reconstruction, the 2006 London Charter, the 2012 Seville Principles, and other bibliographic references have been considered. To document and illustrate significant architectural and urban transformations, important historical images have been gathered and analysed for the first time: Bambrilla (1585–1588), Hoefnagel (1598), Olavide (1771), Hurtado (1786), an anonymous oil painting (c. 1800), Ford (1831), Domínguez Bécquer (1838), and Vigier (1851), among others. A photograph commercialised by Gaudin Frères (c. 1855) served as the basis for the 3D graphic reconstruction. Treatises on 16th-century architecture have been consulted to sketch the architectural details of its composition, which was similar to the Puerta Real, attributed to Hernán Ruiz II. A plan of urban alignments from the late 19th century has helped to determine its position, supported by the 3D scanning of the current environment. Game-engine rendering technology was used to integrate and visualise all these data. Thus, the aim is to highlight the Puerta de la Carne, an important sample of vanished architectural heritage. This research will facilitate debate regarding its potential material reconstruction as a symbol of identity and a source of progress for the city.
Access status: Abierto ,
Graphic surveying methodologies for urban underground environments: the Bétera cave dwellings, Valencia
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Rodríguez Navarro, Pablo; Ruggieri, Andrea; Gil Piqueras, Teresa; Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Edificación; Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestion para el desarrollo Sostenible; Agencia Estatal de Investigación
[EN] Among the different types of popular house styles found in Spain, we encounter the unusual case of cave dwellings. In the Valencian Community; we find them in the villages of Paterna, Godella, Rocafort, Moncada, Bétera, Ribarroja and Villamarchante. In the mid 19th century, the population living in cave dwellings reached significant numbers, thus constituting an important typology of today’s local architectural heritage. This case study can be framed in the broader field of the Underground Built Heritage (UBH), so including some of the aspects, factors and issues which may have influenced the strategies and tools used in the acquisition data phase. In this article, we present the methodologies and workflows used for the terrestrial laser scanning digital survey –through comparison with commonly used methodologies for this specific kind of heritage– and the subsequent graphic design surrounding the necessary architectural plans, carried out on a case study: Betera’s cave dwellings. Making use of the Visual Inertial System (VIS) technology integrated into the tool, it was possible to achieve comprehensive coverage of the case of study while ensuring high efficiency in the heritage surveying process. The digital documentation obtained is, beyond doubt, the fundamental tool for the knowledge and conservation of semi-abandoned heritage assets; only a few caves are occupied today, and most of them show a state of significant damage. Starting from the survey process, the methodological issues peculiar to the typology of the case study, i.e. underground architecture in an urban setting, which are involved in the survey project drafting are analysed, also taking into account those aspects related to the definition of surveying standards. Computational methodologies are also proposed, through the implementation of an algorithmic definition –reusable for similar case studies– that can help us to deepen our knowledge of the artefact, also in a broader perspective of process automation and informative enrichment of the obtained models. The results obtained serve as significant documentation of a relevant typology of the local architectural heritage and provide a starting point for further analysis on optimising survey planning for this peculiar type of scenario.
Access status: Abierto ,
Documenting the Dragon Gate in Antonio Gaudí s Finca Güell in Barcelona
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Vegas López-Manzanares, Fernando; Mileto, Camilla; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura; Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica; Centro de Investigación en Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Gestion para el desarrollo Sostenible
[EN] A restoration project on the Dragon Gate in Antonio Gaudí’s Finca Güell in Barcelona has been carried out by the authors, paving the way for study and reflection on the evolution of various metric surveys of the building. The loss of Gaudí’s original project plans in an arson attack has made it necessary to refer to specific metric surveys at different times in the building’s history. These surveys date from the 1960s, 70s and 80s, while more recent ones incorporate technology and greatly improve geometric accuracy. These recent examples include three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, providing the individual context of the objectives proposed. However, in the course of this conservation project, the authors have seen fit to complement the surveys and rectified photographs carried out by specialist teams in recent years. Hidden details of the construction of the iron dragon have also been recorded. The resulting painstaking survey can be of great use in guaranteeing the conservation of the architectural object which is the dragon gate. Furthermore, the alphanumerical and constructive documentation of all its pieces and their unions with adjoining pieces has yielded over 2100 records. As well as supplementing the 3D detailed drawings, these items have aided the stratigraphical study of subsequent interventions in order to repair, relocate and replace the pieces from the dragon gate using variants of different types of union (rivets, bolts, screws). This text reflects both the methodology used and the results obtained from the study. It also showcases the geometric documentation and constructive and structural knowledge which have improved the approach to this magnificent architectural object.
Access status: Abierto ,
3D hypothetical reconstruction of a Neolithic hut from the waterlogged site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain)
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Tzerpou, Evdoxia; Campana, Ivan; Salazar, Jan; López-Bultó, Oriol; Palomo, Antoni; Piqué, Raquel; Terradas, Xavier; Barceló, Juan A.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Associació Catalana d'Universitats Públiques; Generalitat de Catalunya; Agencia de Gestión de Ayudas Universitarias y de Investigación; European Commission
[EN] This paper presents a hypothetical digital reconstruction of a prehistoric wooden hut from the archaeological site of La Draga (Banyoles, Northeast Iberia). La Draga is a waterlogged Early Neolithic settlement (ca. 7300-6700 years ago), located on the eastern shore of lake Banyoles, and presents an extraordinary preservation of wood and vegetal materials usually not recovered in prehistoric archaeology. The wooden architectonical elements recovered in La Draga were analysed and the information extracted has been used to create a 3D hypothetical reconstruction of the pile dwellings constructed and used by the inhabitants of La Draga in prehistoric times. The multidisciplinary research team working in La Draga has produced a significantly wide panorama of the elements composing this Neolithic site, including paleovegetation and paleoenvironmental studies, analysis of artefacts, and spatial organisation. This paper reproduces the reasoning behind the geometric completion of architectural form and texturing of the digital model. The methodology employed includes the creation of successive layers of development of the 3D model, enriched with archaeological information and with the gradually increased participation of the human expert in the interpretation and visualisation of data. A basic spatial model was constructed first, the architectural model of the base plane of the structure was then modelled, and finally, it followed the overhead plane of the structure. Two different modelling software –Rhinoceros 3D and Blender– were employed during the process and provided different renderings of the final model. Emphasis is also on the degree of uncertainty of the final hypothetical reconstruction and on the use of computer simulation techniques to increase reliability. In this paper, the knowledge-based decision-making process was based on datasets, logical deductions, as well as on assumptions. All decisions to add substantive information to the hypothetical reconstruction have been explained to ensure the scientific rigour and transparency of the reconstruction.
Access status: Abierto ,
Digital reconstruction of Barros Lima s design for São Torcato Sanctuary, 1825
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) de Azambuja Varela, Pedro; Marques, João Luís; de Matos Silva, Afonso
[EN] This study reconstructs the unfinished architectural project of the São Torcato Sanctuary, designed by Luís Inácio Barros Lima in 1825, using modern digital visualisation techniques. The objective is to create a three-dimensional (3D) model that accurately represents the sanctuary’s interiors, facilitating broader public engagement with this historical structure. Employing a systematic methodology, we analysed historical documentation and employed photogrammetry and parametric modelling through Rhinoceros (Rhino) software to reconstruct key architectural elements. We established a metric identification system based on regional measurement units, enabling a cohesive modelling process despite challenges posed by distorted and incomplete source material. The modelling process was organised into Levels of Development (LOD), allowing for a hierarchical approach from basic geometries to intricate features. We utilised Grasshopper for the efficient generation of various openings and detailed cornices, while photogrammetry facilitated the accurate modelling of existing capitals and the baldachin. A critical component of this reconstruction involved quantifying uncertainty within the model, utilising a false colour scheme to represent varying levels of confidence in the accuracy of different elements based on source availability. The average uncertainty score of the model was determined to be 40%, highlighting the speculative nature of some components due to incomplete documentation. This digital reconstruction contributes significantly to the architectural narrative of the São Torcato Sanctuary and serves as a resource for future research and public education. Despite inherent uncertainties, the model provides valuable insights into an architectural vision that remains unrealised, underscoring the importance of digital methods in the preservation and interpretation of architectural heritage.
Access status: Abierto ,
3D virtual reconstruction of seven scenes from the Tulunid lost city in Egypt
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023-04-04) Elassal, Ibrahim; Chávez Triviño, Andrea; Chávez Triviño, Iván Darío
[EN] Reviving both the tangible and intangible aspects of lost heritage is essential to preserve awareness for future generations. The 9th-century city of Al-Qaṭāʾi in Egypt has been repeatedly destroyed during the conflicts between the Tulunids and the Abbasids. Virtual technologies and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction serve to digitally raise awareness of the city and its historical significance, especially since it no longer exists. The challenge of digital revival in this project's framework is to imagine how life unfolded in the city during the 9th century. Our goal in this project is to leverage the advancements in 3D modelling technologies to reconstruct the lost historical Egyptian city. The methodology report begins with a description of the foundation for the 3D model reconstruction of the historically lost city, which serves as the main case study for this project. The methodology for this reconstruction is achieved through scope definition, wherein the main structures and complementary elements of the scene are identified. This is followed by the documentation phase, during which all available information on the scene is gathered through sketches, engravings, photographs, plans, and other sources. The next phase involves establishing hypotheses, where 2D and 3D sketches are produced to propose the general volumes of structures and elements. Finally, the creation of 3D models brings the structures and associated elements to life through the texturing process, as well as the inclusion of terrain, vegetation, fauna, characters, and other components, allowing the complete scene to emerge. The objective of the article is to revive the destroyed architecture of the non-existent city and communicate its value to the public through interactive virtual exploration. This study aims to demonstrate how the combination of digital methods for virtual reconstruction is valuable for both knowledge dissemination and research, through the case study of Al-Qaṭāʾi in Egypt

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