Irrigation, Society and Landscape. Tribute to Tom F. Glick
The Conference Irrigation, Society and Landscape, celebrated in Valencia on September the 25th, 26th and 27th of 2014, brought together numerous researchers and professionals interested in traditional irrigation, in order to discuss and reflect on the past, present and future of these natural and cultural systems.
The Conference analyzed the historical evolution of irrigation, considering technological, agronomic, social and institutional aspects. The present and potential values of irrigation systems as cultural landscapes were also considered. In addition, the Conference contributed to the analysis of the challenging processes of urbanization and modernization, and the strategies oriented to strengthen the socioeconomic viability and the preservation of these systems.
The Conference was conceived to pay homage to Thomas F. Glick, whose research has been anessential contribution to the study of traditional irrigation systems and has encouraged water heritage acknowledgement and protection.
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/84539
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Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Expansión del regadío tradicional y control local en la Real Acequia de Moncada(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-05) Sales Martínez, Vicente; Ortega-Reig, Mar; Palau-Salvador, Guillermo; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Departamento de Ingeniería Rural y Agroalimentaria; Departamento de Economía y Ciencias Sociales; Centro Valenciano de Estudios sobre el Riego; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] There are wide arrays of examples of irrigation systems that have been able to self-manage water as a common resource in the long term and in severe scarcity conditions. One of them is the Real Acequia de Moncada (RAM) Irrigators Community, with 5000 ha and 13000 owners who collectively manage water resources from the Turia River. Ostrom (1990), based in the case of the Huerta of Valencia, proposed several principles associated to the success of collective management. The objective of this work is to analyze two of them for the case of the RAM, (a) the presence of clearly defined boundaries and (b) capacity of users to modify operational rules. We contrast these principles with the information of historical archives. We show that limits have existed, allowing maintaining a relation between irrigated land and resources, and adapting to users’ needs. Local management and decision making has been also of remarkable importance.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Land use change in Huerta de Valencia (2008-2013). Resilience and cultural landscapes(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-05) Argyelan, Timea; Díez Torrijos, Ignacio; Vallés-Planells, María; Galiana, Francisco; Departamento de Ingeniería Rural y Agroalimentaria; Departamento de Urbanismo; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Centro de Investigación en Acuicultura y Medio Ambiente[EN] The Huerta de Valencia is the irrigated agricultural plain nourished by the Turia River that surrounds the city of Valencia, on the eastern coast of Spain. Its origins date back to the 8th century, following the arrival of Muslim tribes in the Iberian Peninsula. It is currently one of the last six remaining huerta landscapes in Europe. Traditionally, the Huerta has evolved continuously in response to changes in agricultural practices and societal demands. However, since the second half of the 20th century, landscape transformations have accelerated significantly, resulting in profound structural and functional changes. This paper examines land use change in the Huerta de Valencia, with a particular focus on agricultural land abandonment. The objective is to assess spatial transformations between 2008 and 2013 through aerial photograph interpretation and field surveys. During this period, urban and infrastructural expansion slowed as a result of the economic crisis. Nevertheless, agricultural land abandonment emerged as a major driver of change in this peri-urban cultural landscape. Analyzing the evolution and historical layers of the Huerta provides valuable insights into the resilience and sustainability of traditional agricultural systems. This topic is particularly relevant for endangered cultural landscapes such as the Huerta de Valencia.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , El regadío de Torrent y su evolución a lo largo del siglo XX(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-05) Fresquet Gozalvo, José[EN] In order to understand the current situation of the irrigation in the municipality of Torrent, the first years of the 20th century must be revisited, as the same characteristics of the initial design of around the 11th century remained. Besides, the following extensions and modifications suffered throughout the century must be studied. The changes that happened and especially the increase of irrigated surface were not uniform. The first years of development were really slow and mostly aimed at the water supplies in order to compensate the flow withdrawn by the city council with consumption purposes. Towards the middle of the century the process speeded up with new lightening and the extension of vegetable gardens and in the third part of the century, the biggest increase of irrigated surface took place. The limiting condition was worsened throughout the centuries due to the population growth that competed for the use of the resource. The old greenbelt of Torrent in the early century is estimated to have 350 hectares, part of them nearby the metropolitan area and the rest in the western side of the municipality, rather far from the population in the lands of Masía del Juez and La Horteta. The improvements that were added to the irrigation in Torrente were of two different kinds, the first one consisted of the measures aimed at increasing the water availability and the reduction of losses in the irrigation system and the second one comprised the inclusion of new irrigating technologies. The community of Regantes de Torrent, established in 1903, was the first entity to drive these measures and had great activity up to the middle of the century. In the second half, the numerous partnerships of regantes were more active. The result was very positive and the irrigation of Torrent turned from 350 hectares to 3,500 in the late century.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Valoración social de los sistemas agrarios periurbanos. Aplicación al sistema periurbano de la Huerta de Valencia(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-05) Marques-Perez, Inmaculada; Segura García del Río, Baldomero; Departamento de Economía y Ciencias Sociales; Centro de Investigación de Ingeniería Económica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación[EN] The debate on the multifunctionality of agriculture and its connections with territorial policies are the basis of the most appropriate approach to legitimize public interventions in the agricultural sector. The main obstacle of this public intervention is to know the goods and services provided by agricultural systems and elicitation of the social preferences for them. We created a descriptive approach for the multifunctionality of agricultural systems that is based on the review of the scientific literature focused on multifunctionality and the goods and services of agricultural systems. The review shows a large variety of activities and approaches, which can be grouped by their economic dimension (E), social dimension (S) and environmental dimension (EN). Multicriteria techniques, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), can help elicit the priorities and the relative importance of different functions attributed by the society as a whole. The authorities can take into account these results to inform and support their political decisions. This paper describes a methodological approach to determine the Social Welfare Function (SWF) by using AHP. The proposed methodology is applied to the Huerta de Valencia, a rich peri-urban agricultural system with a variety of resources, around which there is an open political-institutional debate to define a protection scheme. The results are very interesting and useful to enrich this debate.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Molino de Llovera, patrimonio de la arquitectura tradicional de la Huerta de Valencia(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-05) Carcel García, Carmen; Verdejo Gimeno, Pedro; Clemente Ramírez, David; Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica; Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura[EN] The whole system of gardens that make Valencia: orchards of Castelló de la Plana, the Camp of Morvedre, Orchard Xativa, Ribera del Xuquer, Plana de Gandia ... Let's focus on the very garden of Valencia, it Huerta is recognized as Historic, since in addition to stand out as the most significant of the orchards, due to its age and its complex irrigation system, is the geographical location where it sits Campanar. This population, like other settlements in the garden, developed as suburbs on the outskirts of the city. The origin of these Islamic centers is hard to decipher and that few of these documents are preserved. However, yes that written documenting the landscItem type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , El regadío histórico de l’Horteta y la séquia de les Fonts de Torrent: proceso de recuperación y puesta en valor(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Gozalvo Llácer, José Francisco; Ávila Aguilera, Tirso José; Jordà Pla, Rafael; Máñez Rodero, Javier; Ciscar Juan, Salvador; Salas Trejo, Xavier[EN] The historical irrigation system of Torrent --“Barranc de l'Horteta” and “Séquia de les Fonts”- - has evolved as an independent hydraulic space. It is an ancient irrigation system, dating back from the earliest recorded human settlements. The City Council has initiated actions to protect and restore this heritage, actions that have recovered some of the most significant elements; now they seek to organize these initiatives and future ones around the hydraulic system as a whole. The Master Plan Torrent Hydraulic Heritage aims to coordinate efforts and to provide criteria to harmonize the actions of future enhancement. As a part of this project, the route “El reg mil·lenari del barranc de l’Horteta, un patrimoni per descobrir” has been created, in order to structure and disseminate this hydraulic, environmental and ethnographic heritage of TorrentItem type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Entre acequias y azarbes: el legado del agua en el entorno de la Albufera de Elche como revulsivo para un territorio(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Guilló Durá, Margarita; Montaner Alonso, Juan Miguel[EN] The ancient wetland of the Albufera de Elche has important ecological and cultural values, not fully recognized by the local and regional administrations. The real protagonists of the conservation of this area, conscients of these values, struggle for their survival, using this valuable heritage. In this paper, the society for rural development Associació per al Desenvolupament Rural del Camp d’Elx (ADR) and the water users’ association Comunidad de Regantes de Carrizales describe the actions recently developed to protect the natural and cultural heritage of the wetland.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Irrigation and Society in the Upper Río Grande Basin, U.S.A.: A Heritage of Mutualism(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Rivera, José A.; Arellano, Juan Estevan; Lamadrid, Enrique R.; Martínez Saldaña, Tomás[EN] The acequias of the upper Río Grande are more than just irrigation canals. They also allocate and manage water for the community of landowners in the system. After four centuries of use, the acequias persist into modern times with their founding principles intact: self-government, local autonomy, internal rules for operating procedures, and a strong sense of mutualismo or communal responsibility. They have endured since Spanish colonial settlement, and have maintained continuity of a water culture surviving political-administrative changes under three sovereigns, Spain (1598-1821), Mexico (1821-1848), and the United States (1848- Present). Despite stressors of climate variability, demographic changes, urbanization, and economic modernity, the acequia parciantes hold onto, maintain, and defend their shares of water in the acequia madre. Most of these irrigation works still function as before, zanjas carved out of the land to shape the edges of the semi-arid terrain and extend the riparian zones for multiple uses. Will they survive the pressures to move water to higher economic values such as municipal growth in the urban centers, water shortages among competing users, and the effects of drought evidenced in recent years? Similar to the irrigation communities of medieval Valencia that were modeled after the craft guilds of that era, the acequias of the upper Río Grande have ties to other solidarities, namely, the cofradías and mutualista societies characterized by common attributes: the adoption of written rules and regulations, the election of officers for executive functions, and operating procedures that are self-determined. Mutualism in the acequia culture, coupled with recovery of the Spanish language, could be the key to adaptation when new challenges emerge in future scenarios of unexpected changeItem type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , La articulación de entidades hidráulicas e instituciones políticas en la Huerta de Valencia (ss. XIII-XIX). El limitado intervencionismo de la corona(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Peris Albentosa, Tomás[EN] This paper aims to discuss the dual institutional model commonly used to explain the Valencian historical hydraulic systems, which confronts the autonomous management of the Huerta de Valencia with the autonomous management of the rest of the irrigated areas of the kingdom. According to this research, the autonomy of the Valencian channels was limited by several powers, such as the city of Valencia, the local rural councils and the crown. The article shows a historical moderated and growing pressure of the central powers on the institutional architecture of the Huerta de Valencia.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Los movimientos sociales sí diseñan el territorio. Proceso de auto-organización en el área metropolitana de Valencia(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Giobellina, Beatriz[EN] In systems of government that do not use democratic and participatory means to decide, plan and manage the region, social movements (which tend to interact through self-organized networks) are able to manage to influence these formation processes. With variable success, citizens make themselves heard and will either facilitate or impede the planning activities that benefit or harm their interests. This article is the outcome of doctoral research with participatory methodologies. An objective of this research was to study the situation of the historic Huerta in the Valencia metropolitan area, and its opportunities for evolution towards a territory that is sustainable and responsible for this valuable urban-agricultural inheritance. This research involves social actors that for several decades have been defensive against urban progress. The main evidence obtained through this research is the finding of the importance of citizens' actions (Salvem) in recent decades that have shaped the metropolitan area, as well as the lack of public awareness of these efforts.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Gestionar desde la territorialidad: ¿cómo integrar la multifuncionalidad y la participación social en la legitimación del regadío?(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Ricart, Sandra; Ribas, Anna; Pavón, David[EN] The strategy to manage the territory, natural resources, and social demands has been supported by the development of irrigation along the years. In countries like Spain, France or Italy, the commitment on irrigation attests the inseparable link between all economic and productive water use and the structuring of the territory. Regions such as Catalonia, Midi-Pyrenees and Lombardy symbolize, in turn, the broad cultural background of irrigation. In this paper we present three case studies (SegarraGarrigues irrigation canal, Neste irrigation canal, and Muzza irrigation canal) which face multifunctionality differing from irrigation policies, actions, and social perceptions. In turn, the bases of the territorial management of irrigation will be presented as a mechanism to adapt to the complexity to affront the trinomial relationship between availability of natural resources, changing social demands, and the structuring of the territory. The application of those bases is intended to identify variables to justify the (dis) agreement between the diversity of discourses associated with irrigation’ promotion, as well as to determine the dominant stakeholder’ profile, its degree of legitimacy, or ascertain the best strategies and/or actions for the integrated management of water resources between competing water demands.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Instituciones y conflicto en el franquismo La reticencia de los regantes a la integración en los sindicatos (1944-1957)(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) D'Amaro, Francesco[EN] Franco's policy of integrating all existing labour organisations in the Spanish Trade Union Organisation found many obstacles in its path. Some agricultural institutions such as irrigation ones, dangerously resisted to the incorporation into guilds of the field. Defending its own independence changed from isolated reaction to a common strategy that in the fifties led to the creation of a National Federation of Irrigators Communities. Playing with the ambiguity of the regime and loyalty to Franco, the attempt of incorporation faced political and economic national syndicalism’s interests with those from traditional irrigation institutions. The institutional struggle for control of territory and local interests was transferred to entities reaching a national extension, in search for possible alliances and the reach of common goals. In this paper, through the documentation in the Acequia Real Júcar, leader of this process, dynamics and institutions that encouraged the creation ex novo of a lobby to defend community management of water and collective action in a peculiar context as vertical unionism will be analysed.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Las galerías drenantes en España: cuantificación y clasificación tipológica de los sistemas horizontales de captación de aguas subsuperficiales(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Antequera Fernández, Miguel; Iranzo García, Emilio; Hermosilla Pla, Jorge[EN] Since 2003 the ESTEPA (Landscape, Territory and Heritage Studies) research group has been developing an Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for water heritage, quantifying and classifying more than 8,000 drainage galleries. The aim of his paper is to present some of the results of this vast catalogue and to essay a typology of these hydraulic collection elements in Spain.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Proyecto de recuperación del Reg Major de l’Alfàs y Benidorm (l’Alfàs del Pi, Alicante)(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Frías Castillejo, Carolina[EN] The “Reg Major de l’Alfàs y Benidorm” is an historical irrigation system that dates back to the mid 17th century and that crosses through the lands of Polop, la Nucia, l’Alfàs del Pi and Benidorm, located in the province of Alicante. We present a proposal to recover the historical irrigation system as it passes through l’Álfàs del Pi. The idea of the project is based on the interrelation between three axes: heritage, landscape and water, from a perspective that unites different sectorial viewpoints into one same territorial environment. It is a question of valuing an historical landscape, understood as part of a territory with a character that stems from the work and interaction of natural human factors. The print of human activities upon the landscape, which began back in 1666, has guided the later evolution of the Marina Baixa area. The identity of these towns goes back to this landscape of water, therefore we consider essential its conservation and exposure so as to preserve and transmit the first class ethnological heritage that is now threatened with disappearing.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Las Mercedes y las Acequias(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Arellano, Juan Estevan; Rivera, José A.; Lamadrid, Enrique R.[EN] To better understand the acequias in “Embudo de Picuris,” they have to be analyized from the perspective of the land grants given to the settlers by the Crown of Spain. Many scholars have studied the acequias simply as canals that transport water, without realizing they are an integral part of the landscape, starting with the sierra and ending at the river. They are part of the watershed, that if the landscape is damaged, this will affect how the lower acequias flow. When one looks at the landscape one sees that the acequia is like a belt that separates the commons from the irrigated land. The common lands in the land grants, known in New Mexico as ejidos are made up of sierras, mountains, commons and lots where people build their houses, plazas, and also the utility rooms, pig pens, chicken coops and wood pile. Then runs the acequia that irrigates the most productive pieces of land that are known as altitos where the orchard trees are planted, the jolla where the corn fields and chile are planted, the vegas that can also be used to grow food but they are used more for the domestic animals, and the cienagas or marshlands (including the prados and potreros). Then close to the river are the bosques where one finds the estuaries and quicksand.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Climate Change, Adaptation, and Water in the Central Andes(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Lamadrid, Armando[EN] Irrigation has been central to the development of societies throughout the history of the Andes, in times of both social and environmental change. In the era of modern anthropogenic climate change, however, narratives of diminishing snow and ice cover—and the precious meltwater that countless irrigation systems depend on—present mostly negative explanations of change without sufficient local detail, both environmental and social. Environment in the Andes, for instance, is by definition a broad spectrum of realities, both arid and moist. Society too is multifaceted across the region. Several studies conducted on Andean irrigation systems past and present provide such muchneeded knowledge on the dynamics of complex socio-environmental change that the “meltdown” glosses over. What emerges from a review of selected research findings from Cotacachi, Ecuador to Elqui, Chile and several cases in-between and across time, is that environment is not the most important driver in times of flux, but also social processes and the (im)balance of power that determines, inevitably, to whom the water flows. With attention to these socially and environmentally contextualizing cases, thus, this paper aims to confront the broad-brushstroke “meltdown” narrative portrayed in the public sphere with the development of a more nuanced, placebased understanding of the dynamic interplay of environment, society and power over space and time to better understand, if not the process of change itself, at least the most important elements to be aware of when describing the socio-ecological impacts of climate change on small-scale irrigators of the AndesItem type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Los regadíos tradicionales del eje del río Turia. Inventario de los sistemas de riego y de los elementos catalogados del patrimonio hidráulico(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Aparicio Vayá, José Vicente; Iranzo García, Emilio; Hermosilla Pla, Jorge[EN] The Turia river starts at the town of Teruel, after the confluence of the rivers Alfambra and Guadalaviar. It supplies a large territory in the provinces of Teruel, Cuenca and Valencia. On its way to its mouth at the Mediterranean Sea, in Valencia, the river creates a set of meadows irrigated by a number of channels that collect water from the river. These irrigation systems are complemented by other hydraulic components (primers, aqueducts, siphons ...), which are considered cultural heritage. This study provides an overview of the work carried out since 1998, the research group ESTEPA (Studies Planning, Landscape and Heritage). The goal of communication is to present the inventory of traditional irrigation systems and water heritage elements of the Turia river; and to make a characterization (morphological and functional analysis by hydraulic area) and typological classificationItem type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , La regeneración de la laguna de Venecia a través de la interpretación de sus paisajes culturales(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Milà Cartañá, Gemma[EN] The Venetian lagoon is composed of shallow waters, marshes and a canal net among islands. These elements were integrated in the local culture since the first roman settlement. This particular territory and its culture are extremely interrelated. We have found many examples, as the planning and placement of the artificial islands allowing the access and renovation of water when tides, or the creation of a salty agriculture system that supports the development of halophytic vegetation. Cultural landscape is an interesting entity to explore in this territory. The balance of this environment is very weak due to opposite forces, like the river sedimentation confronting the sea erosion. The culture is also paradoxical with regard to the local arts and crafts specific of each island contrasting with the economy interests of the international harbour. The constellation formed by the military abandoned territories and the land and water ecosystems that had regained them are an extraordinary opportunity to recover and revalue the social, economic, historical and ecological lagoon dynamics. Even though these territories belong to a global defence system, each one has a very different micro-reality, and the interventions become challenging at this small scale. The experimentation of new methods and contemporary uses fits in with the changes of this territory along the history. When the local intervention spreads along the territory can reach the opportunity to regenerate the lagoon that nowadays is degradated because of the global tourism. The awareness and perception of the defensive system formed by archetypal architectures and preserved ecosystems give a multidisciplinar point of view of the territory from the biophysic matrix to human practices. This interpretation of the cultural landscapes can be a tool to reveal and foster the dynamics of the venetian territory.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Traditional irrigation in the shaping of cultural landscapes. The case study of Tricarico, Southern Italy(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Graziadei, Antonio[EN] The paper presents the case study of Tricarico, its gardens and its traditional irrigation systems. In Tricarico the interaction between man and environment has been enriched in the centuries by the contribution of different cultures, amongst which the Arab and Hebrew ones. In this town elaborate techniques of catching and managing of water and soils, in association with complex irrigation systems, have given form to a cultural landscape of great interest. It is possible to recognise at least two different typologies of irrigated agricultural areas. A first one exploits the waters that are diverted from a central stream, then subdivided and led to the fields or to storage basins by means of a complex distribution systems. Another group of vegetable gardens is located at the bottom of the valley by the feet of the Saracena quarter. This agricultural area is articulated on terracings that degrade toward the stream. The irrigation of this second typology of vegetable gardens is provided by the water naturally drained by the rock and stored in some masonry cisterns. A net of open air and underground canals leads the water from these cisterns to the cultivated zones only by means of gravity. The techniques and the knowledge at the base of the operation of the gardens of Tricarico, passed by generations and adapted to the present times, keep on transforming the human demands and the natural resources into cultural heritage.Item type: Capítulo de libro , Access status: Abierto , Aproximación a los paisajes culturales del regadío. La Geria de Lanzarote(Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015-03-03) Sardà Ferran, Jordi; Zamora Cabrera, Antonio[EN] La Geria of Lanzarote explains - to our knowledge - the agriculture as a smart way to working the land. The geometry of "small volcanoes" built by hand, causes the rocks to protect from the perennial Trade Winds the few malmsey vines hidden in each crater, which are covered with “picón” (term use in the island for volcanic lapilli). Only then, the vines can pick up the slight spray of the Atlantic, allowing the roots through the thin layers of lava to reach the most solvent clay soils, and avoid in this process the evapotranspiration. Is notoriously photogenic the space achieved, as well as the ability to produce a single system - almost in a single gesture – a landscape as unusual as it is appropriate, which gives special identity and characterizes the island. La Geria is the epitome of the island agricultural architecture, example of perfect integration between man and nature, and an original sample of the sanding technique with which the vast majority of the island's surface is cultivated. Therefore, man in his struggle for survival in a hostile environment such as Lanzarote, shows how to construct settings charged with humanity, dissipating less energy and participating, in turn, in the aesthetic and emotional character of the island environments.