Ingeniería del Agua - Vol 25, No 1 (2021)
Tabla de contenidos
Artículos
- Calibración del Modelo Hydrus-3D para el riego localizado en suelos estratificados con cultivo intensivo (enarenado)
- Calidad del agua y seguridad ante inundaciones en la gestión sostenible del recurso hídrico
- Análise de dados de telemedição de consumos domésticos para apoio na avaliação de perdas aparentes e reais em sistemas de distribuição de água
- Caracterização dos reservatórios de água para consumo humano em Portugal
- Análisis de fármacos en aguas residuales de tres hospitales de la ciudad de Puebla, México
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/161622
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Item type: Artículo , Access status: Abierto , Caracterização dos reservatórios de água para consumo humano em Portugal(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021-01-29) Monteiro, L.; Pinheiro, A.; Carneiro, J.; Covas, D.; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal[EN] Drinking water storage tanks allow to store water in the supply systems and help managing water demand variations. However, the tanks’ configuration and operation modes can also affect the quality of the supplied water. This paper presents a characterization of water storage tanks in Portugal, focusing on the physical and operational characteristics that affect their performance regarding mixing and water renewal. For the first time, water mixing in Portuguese storage tanks was assessed by determining the volume of renewal fractions needed to ensure the mixing of water entering each filling cycle with the existing one. The results show that mixing is guaranteed in about 74% of the circular cells and that the level variation required for this in a filling cycle is, on average, of 51%.Item type: Artículo , Access status: Abierto , Análise de dados de telemedição de consumos domésticos para apoio na avaliação de perdas aparentes e reais em sistemas de distribuição de água(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021-01-29) Silva, M.A.; Loureiro, D.; Amado, C.; Arregui de la Cruz, Francisco; Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research[EN] The availability of instantaneous data on water consumption in water utilities of water distribution systems has been increasing due to the increase in the number of customers with smart meters. The analysis of these data allows to improve the billing systems and the customers’ management and to improve the water losses estimate in each water utility. Aiming to evaluate the apparent losses, through the analysis of the water consumption profiles, and real losses, through the study of the minimum night flow, 275 domestic customers of 10 water utilities were measured using a smart meter. The water consumption profiles useful for the global error measurement of the flowmeters park identified the predominant flow between 240 L/h and 1000 L/h, with an insignificant measured volume below 120 L/h (e.g., due to customer leakages). The estimate of the mean water consumption in the minimum consumption period (between 2 h and 5 h a.m.) was 1.2 L/(customer·h) for DN15 flowmeters and 2.0 L/(customer·h) for DN20 flowmeters. Using clustering, four water consumption patterns were also identified, with differences in the consumption scales, trends and peaks during the day. This work demonstrated the potential of smart metering campaigns to collect consumption data. Moreover, it also proposes a methodology and an initial set of statistics about the domestic consumption in each water utility and in the set of water utilities, which is crucial for the technical management of water distribution systems.Item type: Artículo , Access status: Abierto , Análisis de fármacos en aguas residuales de tres hospitales de la ciudad de Puebla, México(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021-01-29) Castro-Pastrana, L.I.; Cerro-López, M.; Toledo-Wall, M.L.; Gómez-Oliván, L.M.; Saldívar-Santiago, M.D.; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México[EN] Through their effluents, hospitals contribute to the occurrence of emerging micro-pollutants, such as pharmaceutical products, in the water. This work quantified the presence of nine pharmaceuticals in the wastewater of three private hospitals in Mexico with 66, 92 and 120 beds, respectively. The samples were characterized physicochemically and, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS / MS), the following average maximum concentrations were reported: acetaminophen(38740.11±33832.15 ng/L), naproxen (6321.42±11074.86 ng/L), ketorolac (1429.80±237.94 ng/L), ibuprofen (249.46±143.68 ng/L), ranitidine (149.60±303.70 ng/L), hydrocortisone (96.72±57.21 ng/L), dexamethasone (33.02±41.23 ng/L), esomeprazole (22.85±24.12 ng/L) and omeprazole (22.50±23.97 ng/L). In treated water, a reduction from 67 to 100% in hydrocortisone, naproxen, paracetamol and ranitidine levels was detected. The results obtained inform the presence of pharmaceuticals that had not been previously reported in Mexican hospital effluents and demonstrate the impact of treatment plants, contributing to the existing evidence to promote regulatory actions, technological innovation and monitoring.Item type: Artículo , Access status: Abierto , Calidad del agua y seguridad ante inundaciones en la gestión sostenible del recurso hídrico(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021-01-29) Cortez-Mejía, P.; Tzatchkov, V.; Rodríguez-Varela, J.M.; Llaguno-Guilberto, O.J.[EN] The objective of this work is to evaluate strategic indicator options, complementary to the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to measure annually the impact of sub-national budget programs on water resource management. The indicators of SDG 6 and SDG 11 were analyzed, as well as the internationally proposed Global Water Security Index based on these objectives; Emphasis was placed on the components of environmental water quality and flood protection. The results of these indicators for Mexico were compared with those of the national diagnosis of water security. The availability of official data for monitoring these water security issues was also analyzed, and an option of indicators was proposed to assess in a next stage. A preliminary exercise was carried out with available data for quality and protection issues, which are the most critical in Mexico’s water security according to the indicated Global Index.Item type: Artículo , Access status: Abierto , Calibración del Modelo Hydrus-3D para el riego localizado en suelos estratificados con cultivo intensivo (enarenado)(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021-01-29) Zapata-Sierra, A.J.; Roldán-Cañas, J.; Reyes-Requena, R.; Moreno-Pérez, M.F.; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad[EN] The development of the wet bulb under drip irrigation in sand covered soils presents a different behavior from that observed under homogeneous soils. The presence of a very active crop also imposes a series of variations that have not been fully characterized. The aim of this work is to present the data acquisition methodology and the necessary precautions to obtain a model that accurately defines the evolution of moisture in wet bulbs generated in sanded soils characteristic of intensive horticultural crops. The procedure for collecting and processing moisture data in stratified soils has been defined. The soil and permeability curve has been adjusted experimentally for each material. It has been proved that the Hydrus-3D model can reproduce the behavior of a sand covered soils and it has been possible to verify that the predictions are adequate to what has been observed in the field.