Azagra Caro, Joaquín María
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- PublicationDynamic perspectives on technology transfer: introduction to the special section(Springer-Verlag, 2021-10-16) Barberá Tomás, José David; Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Deste Cukierman, Pablo; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades[EN] Theoretical frameworks acknowledge the dynamic and evolving nature of technology transfer. However, there is a scarcity of empirical work in the field incorporating a dynamic and longitudinal perspective. Several literature reviews call for technology transfer research agendas to include longitudinal studies. In response to such calls, this special section comprises selected contributions to the 2018 Technology Transfer Society (T2S) Conference which address this gap from different angles. The three qualitative and three quantitative works chosen contain research questions and methodologies related to dynamic aspects of technology transfer. We argue that historical and processual studies offer additional new directions
- PublicationPersonality and emotional intelligence of researchers: The importance of affects(Public Library of Science, 2024-08-09) Hernando-Jorge, Laura; Fernández-Mesa, Anabel; Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Tur-Porcar, Ana M.; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades[EN] Researchers, who play a crucial role in knowledge production, deal with various emotions in their challenging work environment. Their personality might affect how well they manage their emotions, but their moods could help counteract these effects. This study aims to investigate whether researchers' moods influence the connection between their personality and emotional intelligence. 7,463 Spanish researchers replied to an online survey. Responses analysed through partial least squares structural equation modelling show significant positive relationships between the big five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and emotional stability) and emotional intelligence. In addition, positive affect positively mediates the relationships between each of the personality traits and emotional intelligence, and negative affect mediates the same relationships but negatively. The importance of managing emotional states to regulate emotional experiences in the work of researchers is discussed.
- PublicationAcademic Inventors, Scientific Impact and the Institutionalisation of Pasteur's Quadrant in Spain(Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2013-07-01) Martínez, Catalina; Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Maraut, Stéphane; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del ConocimientoWe rely on a novel database of Spanish author-inventors to explore the relationship between the past patenting experience of academic authors and the scientific impact (citations received and journal prestige) of scientific articles published during 2003-2008 in journals listed in SCOPUS. We also study how such a relationship is affected by differences across academic affiliations, distinguishing between public universities and different types of non-university public research organisations. Our econometric estimations show that scientific impact is positively associated with having authors with past patenting experience as inventors at the European Patent Office. Exceptions are the articles of authors affiliated to new independent public research centres, not tied to the civil service model and oriented to do research that is both excellent and use-inspired. These are also on average the most cited articles.
- PublicationSmoothing the Lies: The Distinctive Effects of Patent Characteristics on Examiner and Applicant Citations(Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T), 2011-09) Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Mattsson, P.; Perruchas, Francois; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del ConocimientoPatent citations added by examiners are often used as indicators of technological impact and knowledge flows, despite various criticisms. In this study we analyze the distribution of examiner patent citations according to patent characteristics in order to show their limitations. According to our findings, the number of applicant citations included is dependent on the science-base of the technology. However, this gets masked by the citations added by patent examiners, who smooth the distribution of citations across technology classes and include the same number of citations regardless of whether applicants cite any references. Some researchers have called for the use of applicant rather than examiner patent citations as indicators of technology impact and knowledge flows. Nevertheless, we show that the former also have important caveats, because applicants may increase the number of citations in international patents and when there are coapplicants. The implication is that analysts should consider a context-driven use of citation-based indicators.
- PublicationDo public research organisations own most patents invented by their staff?(Oxford University Press (OUP), 2011) Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento[EN] Technology ownership and knowledge transfer aim at the dissemination of public research results, usually in one direction – from the university or public research organisation (PRO) that produced the results. However, the complementarities between these types of instruments are not clear compared to the bidirectional channels of knowledge exchange. We analyse one PRO in Spain, a country that is peculiar in terms of infrequent changes to the legislation on science and patents and a predominance of PRO-owned over PRO-invented patents, similar to the situation in the USA but different from that in most EU member states. Against this background, knowledge transfer (measured through PROinvented patents) increases faster than technology ownership (measured through PRO-owned patents). This situation may be damaging to knowledge exchange (measured through PRO co-owned patents).
- PublicationThe Positive Effect of Social Support in the Relationship Between Emotion and Motivation of People in Science(Taylor & Francis, 2024-08-17) Tur-Porcar, Ana María; Salas-Vallina, Andrés; Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades[EN] This study explores the role of social support as a mediator in the relationship between self-emotional appraisal and motivation in people in science. It also examines the moderating role of self-deceptive enhancement in the relationship between self-emotional appraisal and social support. Survey responses from 6,943 people in science in Spain were analyzed (43% women), aged 20-96 (M = 48.8; SD = 9.94). Structural equation modeling was used to examine a moderated mediation model explaining the path between self-emotional appraisal and motivation. The analysis controlled for age, gender and organization type. The results show a positive link between self-emotional appraisal and motivation. Mediation by social support strengthens this link: For self-emotional appraisal to be effective, people in science need to feel others' support when tackling a problem. Moderation by self-deceptive enhancement strengthens the association of self-emotional appraisal with social support: The need to adapt one's self-image to others' expectations activates the pursuit of social support. The implications of self-emotional appraisal and social support for improving motivation are discussed, as is the role of self-deception in social support as perceived by people in science.
- PublicationAccess to universities public knowledge: Who s more nationalist?(Akadémia Kiadó, 2012-06) Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas[EN] Access to public knowledge is a prerequisite for the good functioning of developed economies. Universities strive and are also requested to contribute to this knowledge both locally and internationally. Traditional studies on the geography of knowledge flows have identified a localisation effect; however, these studies do not use the country as the unit of observation and hence do not explore national patterns. In this paper, we hypothesise that the localisation of university knowledge flows is directly related to share of firm expenditure on research and development. To test this hypothesis, we use references to universities in patent documents as indicators based on a data set of around 20,000 university references, for 37 countries in the period 1990–2007, resulting in panels of around 300–500 observations. We build indicators for the university knowledge flows both inside and outside the applicant country, which we explain as a function of some proxies for national size and research structure based on econometric estimations. We draw some conclusions as to the importance of national business scientific strength for fostering increased domestic university knowledge flows.
- PublicationAccess to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?(Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2016-03-03) Acosta, Manuel; Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Coronado, Daniel; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Junta de Andalucía; Universitat Politècnica de València; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAcosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms' absorptive capacity and universities' production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region.
- PublicationAcceso al conocimiento público universitario en España: patrones geográficos(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (CSIC), 2015) Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Universitat Politècnica de València[EN] References in patent documents are information sources about access to public knowledge, on which the invention’s novelty, or lack thereof, can be justified. Usually references are broken down by type of cited literature, but we do it in a more original way: by type of cited institution. We focus on universities and compare Spain with the European Union 27 at national, regional and institutional levels. Access to public knowledge in Spain is similar to the overall European trends: highly internationalised with American universities being the most accessed. But Spain presents some idiosyncrasies: infrequent access to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and frequent access to Dutch and Israeli universities. Also access to universities from the same region occurs more often than in other Member States (especially in regions other than Madrid). In reference to the situation in other EU members, access to Spanish universities from Germany is relatively low and the only university with citations above the European average is the Autonomous University of Madrid. We offer policymakers some recommendations for modifying these characteristics according to certain desirability criteria.
- PublicationNot searching, but finding: How innovation shapes perceptions about universities and public research organisations(Springer Verlag (Germany), 2014-06) Azagra Caro, Joaquín María; Pardo, Rafael; Rama, Ruth; Instituto de Gestión de la Innovación y del Conocimiento; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas[EN] Previous research about firms' perceptions on the usefulness of public research has not distinguished between technological innovators and non-innovators. With the exception of openness of search, we find that factors shaping such perceptions differ in both types of firms. Non-innovators need market power and the presence of an R&D department to profit from public knowledge. Innovators need less sheltered environments and lesser R&D effort, though the availability of resources and absorptive capacity is necessary. Using a sample of 1,031 Spanish manufacturing firms, we conclude that practical experience in technological innovation enhances firms' perceptions on the usefulness of public research, not directly but by enabling certain internal changes, i.e. it produces encounters between corporate choices and public research.