Gramazio, Pietro
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- PublicationDiversity and relationships in key traits for functional and apparent quality in a collection of eggplant: fruit phenolics content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase activity, and browning(American Chemical Society, 2013-09-18) Plazas Ávila, María de la O; López Gresa, María Pilar; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Torres Vidal, Cristina; Hurtado Ricart, María; Gramazio, Pietro; Andújar Pérez, Isabel; Herraiz García, Francisco Javier; Belles Albert, José María; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Universitat Politècnica de València; European Regional Development FundEggplant (Solanum melongena) varieties with increased levels of phenolics in the fruit present enhanced functional quality, but may display greater fruit flesh browning. We evaluated 18 eggplant accessions for fruit total phenolics content, chlorogenic acid content, DPPH scavenging activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, liquid extract browning, and fruit flesh browning. For all the traits we found a high diversity, with differences among accessions of up to 3.36-fold for fruit flesh browning. Variation in total content in phenolics and in chlorogenic acid content accounted only for 18.9% and 6.0% in the variation in fruit flesh browning, and PPO activity was not significantly correlated with fruit flesh browning. Liquid extract browning was highly correlated with chlorogenic acid content (r = 0.852). Principal components analysis (PCA) identified four groups of accessions with different profiles for the traits studied. Results suggest that it is possible to develop new eggplant varieties with improved functional and apparent quality.
- PublicationInduction of water stress in major Solanum crops: a review on methodologies and their application for identifying drought tolerant materials(Elsevier, 2023-08-01) Flores Saavedra, Martín Ignacio; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Gramazio, Pietro; Universitat Politècnica de València; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; European Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación[EN] The genus Solanum encompasses several economically important vegetable crops, such as tomato, potato, and eggplant, which are crucial for ensuring food security. Higher temperatures and reduced precipitation are becoming more frequent due to climate change in numerous regions, fostering drought spells and the likelihood of water stress in Solanum crops resulting in decreased yields. Appropriate evaluation techniques are required by researchers and breeders to evaluate the impact of drought on the performance of Solanum crops and identify more tolerant genotypes. This review examines the most important approaches for inducing water stress in Solanum crops, such as withholding irrigation, adjusting field capacity levels, applying evapotranspiration criteria, and utilizing polyethylene glycol as an osmotic agent. We highlight the benefits and drawbacks of each method, enabling researchers and breeders to choose the most suitable conditions for their specific objectives and goals. Additionally, we address the challenges of combining water stress with other types of stress that frequently occur simultaneously in the field and the effects that biostimulants can have in mitigating water stress in Solanum crops. We also provide an in-depth analysis of the impact of water deficit on growth and biomass, as well as on physiological and biochemical traits, and new phenotyping tools that allow the study of stress tolerance in the three major crops belonging to the Solanum genus. Finally, the review discusses the possibility of utilizing wild species to improve water stress tolerance in these Solanum crops.
- PublicationPhenolics content, fruit flesh colour and browning in cultivated eggplant, wild relatives and interspecific hybrids and implications for fruit quality breeding(Elsevier, 2017) Kaushik, Prashant; Gramazio, Pietro; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Raigón Jiménez, Mª Dolores; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Departamento de Química; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; European Commission; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad; Government of Norway[EN] Increasing the content in bioactive phenolics in the eggplant (Satanum melongena) fruit is of interest, but may result in enhanced browning. We evaluated six varieties of S. melongena, 22 accessions of wild related species and 42 interspecific hybrids between cultivated eggplant and wild relatives for phenolics content, fruit flesh colour, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and fruit flesh browning. Wild relatives generally had a higher content in phenolics and a broader range of variation than cultivated eggplant. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant ( > 65.0%) phenolic acid in cultivated eggplant and its primary genepool wild ancestor S. insanum, while for the other wild species on average represented < 50% of the chromatogram peak area. Fruit flesh colour was lighter in S. melongena than in the wild species, while PPO activity and browning was much higher in wild species of the secondary and tertiary genepools. Interspecific hybrids between S. melongena and S. insanum were intermediate in their characteristics, while those with secondary and tertiary genepool species were more similar to the wild species. No significant correlations were found between total phenolics or chlorogenic acid contents and fruit flesh browning, but PPO activity was correlated to both the degree of browning (r = 0.404) and colour difference (r = 0.458). The results indicate that wild species can contribute to improving the bioactive properties of eggplant without affecting negatively fruit flesh colour and browning.
- PublicationEvaluation of three sets of advanced backcrosses of eggplant with wild relatives from different genepools under low N conditions(Springer Nature, 2023-08-04) Villanueva Párraga, Gloria; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Gramazio, Pietro; Moya, Reyes D.; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; European Commission; European Social Fund; GENERALITAT VALENCIANA; AGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACION; European Regional Development Fund; MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA E INNOVACION[EN] The development of new cultivars with improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is key for implementing sustainable agriculture practices. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) provide valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at achieving this goal. In this study, three eggplant (Solanum melongena) accessions together with their advanced backcrosses (ABs; BC3 to BC5 generations) were evaluated for 22 morpho-agronomic, physiological, and NUE traits under low nitrogen (LN) fertilization conditions. The ABs were developed with introgressions from the wild relatives Solanum insanum, Solanum dasyphyllum, and Solanum elaeagnifolium. The AB population comprised a total of 25, 59, and 59 genotypes, respectively, with overall donor wild relative genome coverage percentages of 58.8%, 46.3%, and 99.2%. The three S. melongena recurrent parents were also evaluated under control (normal) N fertilization. Reduction of N fertilization in the parents resulted in decreased chlorophyll content-related traits, aerial biomass, stem diameter, and yield and increased NUE, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). However, the decrease in yield was moderate, ranging between 62.6% and 72.6%. A high phenotypic variation was observed within each of the three sets of ABs under LN conditions, with some individuals displaying improved transgressive characteristics over the recurrent parents. Using the single primer enrichment technology 5 k probes platform for high-throughput genotyping, we observed a variable but high degree of recurrent parent genome recovery in the ABs attributable to the lines recombination, allowing the successful identification of 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL). Different allelic effects were observed for the introgressed QTL alleles. Several candidate genes were identified in the QTL regions associated with plant growth, yield, fruit size, and NUE-related parameters. Our results show that eggplant materials with introgressions from CWRs can result in a dramatic impact in eggplant breeding for a more sustainable agriculture.
- PublicationScreening of pepino (Solanum muricatum) and wild relatives against four major tomato diseases threatening its expansion in the Mediterranean region(Blackwell Publishing, 2021-11) Pacheco, Juan; Soler Aleixandre, Salvador; Figás Moreno, María del Rosario; San Bautista Primo, Alberto; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Gramazio, Pietro; Departamento de Producción Vegetal; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Centro Valenciano de Estudios sobre el Riego; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Universitat Politècnica de València; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science[EN] The pepino (Solanum muricatum) is an Andean vegetable crop closely related to tomato. In the last decades, it has been introduced in the Mediterranean region and other parts of the world as a potential new crop. However, several tomato major pathogens may threaten the expansion of pepino cultivation. We identified Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Verticillium dahliae (VE), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) as four of the most likely pathogens to cause damage to pepino crops in Mediterranean climates. In order to evaluate the response of the pepino genepool against these pathogens, as well as to identify sources of tolerance, we inoculated six accessions of cultivated pepino, nine accessions of seven pepino wild relatives, and one interspecific hybrid with FOL, VE, PepMV and ToMV and followed its symptomatology for 30 days (FOL and VE) or 60 days (PepMV and ToMV). ELISA tests were also performed for PepMV and ToMV. Susceptible tomato materials were used as controls. The pepino genepool displayed fewer symptoms than susceptible tomato controls after inoculation with FOL, with most accessions being tolerant or resistant. Regarding VE, a wide variation of values for the symptoms index (SI) was observed, with three cultivated pepino accessions displaying tolerance. For PepMV a wide variation for SI was also observed, with one accession of S. caripense being resistant, and several accessions of pepino and other wild relatives displaying different degrees of tolerance. PepMV absorbance values obtained by ELISA tests followed a pattern similar to that of SI. For ToMV no resistances were found, although two wild accessions and the interspecific hybrid displayed low values for the SI and were considered as moderately tolerant. ELISA tests against ToMV revealed that the virus replicated well in all materials. None of the accessions evaluated displayed resistance or high levels of tolerance to the four pathogens, but some of them were complementary for resistance or high levels of toler- ance. Although the interspecific hybrid tested was not resistant to any of the pathogens, it was tolerant to FOL and PepMV and moderately tolerant to VE and ToMV. A multivariate hierarchical clustering revealed similar patterns among accessions in the response to the two fungal diseases (FOL and VE) on one side and to the two viral ones (PepMV and ToMV) on the other. The information generated in this study has allowed identifying materials within the pepino genepool for the development of multi-resistant pepino cultivars to major diseases threatening its expansion in the Mediterranean region.
- PublicationMolecular characterization of scarlet and gboma eggplants based on single nucleotide polymorphisms(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2015) Borràs, Dionís; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Andújar Pérez, Isabel; Gramazio, Pietro; Herraiz García, Francisco Javier; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] The common eggplant (Solanum melongena) is one of the most economically important specie for cultivated aubergine . The relationship between eggplant and it the wild relatives has been controversial. The domestication of the cultivated species has resulted in a narrow genetic base, and this difficults further improvements. Here we have characterized 48 accessions belonging to the cultivated scarlet eggplant (S. aethiopicum) and it wild ancestor (S. anguivi), the cultivated gboma eggplant (S. macrocarpon) and its wild ancestor (S. dasyphyllum), including also one accession of cultivated eggplant and one of its wild ancestor (S. incanum) using 39 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 82 alleles were detected with an average of 2.34 alleles/locus. A good differentiation between the three groups corresponding to common, scarlet and gboma eggplants was obtained with a PCoA analysis. These results are of interest for the enhancement of genetic resources of eggplants.
- PublicationInterespecific hybridization between eggplant and wild relatives from different genepools(American Society for Horticultural Science, 2016) Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Gramazio, Pietro; Rodríguez Burruezo, Adrián; Fita Fernández, Ana María; Herraiz García, Francisco Javier; Ranil, Rajakapasha; Ramya; Niram, Lahiru; Fonseka, Hemal; Kouassi, B.; Kouassi, Abou; Kouassi, Auguste; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[EN] Wild relatives represent a source of variation for many traits of interest for eggplant (Solanum melongena) breeding, as well as for broadening the genetic base of this crop. However, interspecific hybridization with wild relatives has been barely used in eggplant breeding programs. As initiation of an introgression breeding program we performed 1424 interspecific hybridizations between six accessions of eggplant from the Occidental and Oriental groups and 19 accessions of 12 wild species from the primary (Solanum incanum and Solanum insanum), secondary (Solanum anguivi, Solanum dasyphyllum, Solanum lichtensteinii, Solanum linnaeanum, Solanum pyracanthos, Solanum tomentosum, and Solanum violaceum), and tertiary (Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum sisymbriifolium, and Solanum torvum) genepools. Fruit set, hybrid seed, and seed germination were obtained between Solanum melongena and all wild species of the primary and secondary genepools. The highest fruit set percentage and quantity of seeds per fruit were obtained with the two primary genepool species S. incanum and S. insanum as well as with some secondary genepool species, like S. anguivi, S. dasyphyllum, or S. lichtensteinii, although some differences among species were observed depending on the direction of the hybridization. For small-fruited wild species, the number of seeds per fruit was lower when using them as maternal parent. Regarding tertiary genepool species, fruit set was obtained only in interspecific hybridizations of eggplant with S. sisymbriifolium and S. torvum, although the fruit of the former were parthenocarpic. However, it was possible to rescue viable interspecific hybrids with S. torvum. In total we obtained 58 interspecific hybrid combinations (excluding reciprocals) between eggplant and wild relatives. Some differences were observed among S. melongena accessions in the degree of success of interspecific hybridization, so that the number of hybrid combinations obtained for each accession ranged between 7 (MEL2) and 16 (MEL1). Hybridity of putative interspecific hybrid plantlets was confirmed with a morphological trait (leaf prickliness) and 12 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The results show that eggplant is amenable to interspecific hybridization with a large number of wild species, including tertiary genepool materials. These hybrid materials are the starting point for introgression breeding in eggplant and in some cases might also be useful as rootstocks for eggplant grafting.
- PublicationNuevas estrategias para la mejora del contenido en compuestos bioactivos en hortalizas: la berenjena como ejemplo(Nova Ágora, 2014) Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Andújar, Isabel; Gramazio, Pietro; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Herraiz García, Francisco Javier; Borras, Dionís; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural[ES] En muchos cultivos hortícolas, los programas de mejora genética han atendido principalmente a aspectos como la productividad, resistencia a enfermedades, uniformidad del producto y la calidad externa, haciéndose poco énfasis en el contenido en compuestos beneficiosos para la salud. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, existe un interés creciente por parte de los consumidores en productos vegetales más sanos y que protejan frente a enfermedades. Es por ello que los programas de mejora genética van paulatinamente incorporando la mejora del contenido en compuestos bioactivos beneficiosos para la salud humana y que prevengan enfermedades entre sus objetivos.
- PublicationEnhancing conservation and use of local vegetable landraces: the Almagro eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) case study(Springer Verlag (Germany), 2014-04) Hurtado Ricart, María; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Gramazio, Pietro; Andújar Pérez, Isabel; Herraiz García, Francisco Javier; Castro, A.; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La ManchaWe have used the Almagro pickling eggplant landrace as a model for the enhancement of a local vegetable landrace. The programme has included characterization, selection, and breeding activities. Considerable intra-landrace diversity has been found for morphological traits and molecular markers. Characteristic morphological traits have allowed its registration as conservation variety. Also, universal and specific simple sequence repeat markers have been found for the Almagro landrace. The chemical characterization revealed that Almagro eggplant has a high content in bioactive phenolics. Organoleptic tests revealed that pickles produced with Almagro eggplant are superior to those of the related Andalusian landrace. The selection programme has led to the development of a pure line with increased yield and reduced fruit calyx prickliness. A participatory breeding programme, in which selection is made by farmers in their own field, has been initiated to introduce the no-prickles trait from three other varieties in the genetic background of the Almagro eggplant. The results of the programmes show that plants with the Almagro eggplant ideotype and with reduced prickliness can be selected in the backcross generations. As a result of the enhancement programme the acreage and total production of Almagro eggplant has tripled in the last decade.
- PublicationA highly efficient organogenesis protocol based on zeatin riboside for in vitro regeneration of eggplant(Springer (Biomed Central Ltd.), 2020-01-06) García-Fortea, Edgar; Lluch-Ruiz, Agustín; Pineda Chaza, Benito José; García-Pérez, Ana; Bracho-Gil, Juan Pablo; Plazas Ávila, María de la O; Gramazio, Pietro; Vilanova Navarro, Santiago; Moreno Ferrero, Vicente; Prohens Tomás, Jaime; Instituto Universitario Mixto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas; Departamento de Biotecnología; Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural; European Social Fund; Generalitat Valenciana; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; European Regional Development Fund; Universitat Politècnica de València; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte[EN] Background Efficient organogenesis induction in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is required for multiple in vitro culture applications. In this work, we aimed at developing a universal protocol for efficient in vitro regeneration of eggplant mainly based on the use of zeatin riboside (ZR). We evaluated the effect of seven combinations of ZR with indoleacetic acid (IAA) for organogenic regeneration in five genetically diverse S. melongena and one S. insanum L. accessions using two photoperiod conditions. In addition, the effect of six different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in order to promote rooting was assessed to facilitate subsequent acclimatization of plants. The ploidy level of regenerated plants was studied. Results In a first experiment with accessions MEL1 and MEL3, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed for the four factors evaluated for organogenesis from cotyledon, hypocotyl and leaf explants, with the best results obtained (9 and 11 shoots for MEL1 and MEL3, respectively) using cotyledon tissue, 16 h light / 8 h dark photoperiod conditions, and medium E6 (2 mg/L of ZR and 0 mg/L of IAA). The best combination of conditions was tested in the other four accessions and confirmed its high regeneration efficiency per explant when using both cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues. The best rooting media was R2 (1 mg/L IBA). The analysis of ploidy level revealed that between 25 and 50% of the regenerated plantlets were tetraploid. Conclusions An efficient protocol for organogenesis of both cultivated and wild accessions of eggplant, based on the use of ZR, is proposed. The universal protocol developed may be useful for fostering in vitro culture applications in eggplant requiring regeneration of plants and, in addition, allows developing tetraploid plants without the need of antimitotic chemicals.