Tipologie e tecniche costruttive dell’architettura castellana in Polonia

[EN] Defensive structures in Poland are a testament to the diverse and rich history of construction techniques developed to protect against enemy incursions and attacks. Beginning with the earliest forms of defense in ancient villages surrounded by aggers, the study traces the evolution of defensive systems, from primitive wooden fortifications to the later use of defensive walls, the addition of towers, and the construction of stone castles. This progression culminated in the emergence of fortresses in the form of feudal castles, followed by the development of classical fortresses, general fortifications, and, eventually, fortified zones.These fortification systems, resulting from the strategic combination of specific elements, were designed to meet evolving defensive needs in response to changing military strategies and advancements in weaponry.This paper also explores the architectural and construction typologies underlying the transformations of fortifications over time and across various regions of Poland. It examines on one hand, the typological and structural characteristics of these fortifications, and, on the other, the spatial and geographical features of the surrounding landscape, highlighting the crucial role of the environment in shaping the design and adaptation of defensive systems throughout history.