The role of secondary data in estimating groundwater levels in the Iberian Peninsula

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dc.contributor.affiliationDepartamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente
dc.contributor.affiliationInstituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y del Medio Ambiente
dc.contributor.affiliationEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos
dc.contributor.authorBen-Salem, Nahedes_ES
dc.contributor.authorRouhani, Amires_ES
dc.contributor.authorCopty, Nadim K.es_ES
dc.contributor.authorVarouchakis, Emmanouil A.es_ES
dc.contributor.authorGómez-Hernández, J. Jaime
dc.contributor.authorKaratzas, George P.es_ES
dc.contributor.authorRode, Michaeles_ES
dc.contributor.authorJomaa, Seifeddinees_ES
dc.contributor.funderFUNDACION PRIMAes_ES
dc.contributor.funderEuropean Commissiones_ES
dc.contributor.funderBundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Alemaniaes_ES
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-11T11:39:53Z
dc.date.available2026-03-11T11:39:53Z
dc.date.issued2026-05es_ES
dc.description.abstract[EN] Mapping groundwater levels at the regional scale is often hindered by the lack of high-density direct head measurements. In this study, we explore the value of incorporating different secondary data with cokriging to assess the spatial variability of groundwater levels for the entire Iberian Peninsula, a region characterized by pronounced hydroclimatic variability and rising water demand. The analysis uses more than 60 years of groundwater level measurements from 3822 observation wells across the region, combined with readily available secondary data, including a digital elevation model, precipitation data, and hydrogeological information. Because of the time series length, the analysis was divided into four periods, each containing a different number of measurements. The performance of the geostatistical models was rigorously evaluated through cross-validation and statistical metrics. Results showed that for earlier periods, characterized by a limited number of observation wells, incorporating groundwater data from subsequent periods and hydrogeological information led to the most significant improvement in groundwater level mapping. Average annual precipitation data did not correlate with groundwater level data and had minimal impact on the interpolation, whereas digital elevation models had a mixed effect. Overall, the study underlines the value of incorporating secondary data through cokriging to map groundwater levels at a regional scale when in-situ data are scarce.es_ES
dc.description.accrualMethodSes_ES
dc.description.bibliographicCitationBen-Salem, N.; Rouhani, A.; Copty, NK.; Varouchakis, EA.; Gómez-Hernández, J. Jaime; Karatzas, GP.; Rode, M.... (2026). The role of secondary data in estimating groundwater levels in the Iberian Peninsula. Groundwater for Sustainable Development. 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101594es_ES
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dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Edu-cation and Research (BMBF, Germany, Grant number 01DH19015) under the Project Sustain-COAST, co-funded by the EU PRIMA 2018 program. This work was also supported by the Our MED PRIMA Program project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation under grant agreement No. 2222.es_ES
dc.description.volume33es_ES
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101594es_ES
dc.identifier.eissn2352-801Xes_ES
dc.identifier.urihttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/233313
dc.languageIngléses_ES
dc.publisherElsevieres_ES
dc.relation.ispartofGroundwater for Sustainable Developmentes_ES
dc.relation.pasarelaS\576179es_ES
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/BMBF//01DH19015/es_ES
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2026.101594es_ES
dc.rightsReconocimiento - No comercial - Sin obra derivada (by-nc-nd)es_ES
dc.rights.accessRightsAbiertoes_ES
dc.subjectMulti-decadal analysises_ES
dc.subjectKriginges_ES
dc.subjectCokriginges_ES
dc.subjectGroundwater leveles_ES
dc.subjectGeostatisticses_ES
dc.subjectSpatial variabilityes_ES
dc.subjectIberian Peninsulaes_ES
dc.titleThe role of secondary data in estimating groundwater levels in the Iberian Peninsulaes_ES
dc.typeArtículoes_ES
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiones_ES
dspace.entity.typePublicationes_ES
person.identifier3352
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-0720-2196
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationdc809784-2521-432b-aafd-9be1b6ebd0d8
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoverydc809784-2521-432b-aafd-9be1b6ebd0d8
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublicatione8876040-9428-45e8-b805-b5bbc20e9e1e
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublication937991bf-5e71-4f67-ae2a-1fb780a35167
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upv.uuidf55626c2-0305-4791-a996-5972847843ebes_ES

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