Estudio de los factores de retraso y sobrecoste en las obras de Ecuador

Abstract

[EN] Delays and cost overruns in the construction works are a global phenomenon, their appearance is so common that it has come to assert that they are an integral part of the projects. Despite of the numerous efforts realized to mitigate this type of issues, the same ones that remain constant in construction projects throughout the world, but especially they are presented in greater magnitude in developing countries. It is very common that construction projects in Ecuador exceed the levels of time and budget established specifically. Due to this, the present investigation seeks to characterize the current situation of the country in relation to the delay and cost overruns in the works, as well as the influence of the characteristics of both, the companies and the projects in the appearance of these phenomena. Based on a literary review, more than 70 causes of delays and cost overruns were collected, which were classified according to their distinction in the articles in which they were found. Based on this, experts from the sector in Ecuador are locked in to validate the most important causes that occur in this country. Thus, 21 cases were divided into 5 categories for their participation in the study. The study aims to find, on the one hand, the most influential causes in the delays and cost overruns of the works, and, on the other hand, the variables of both the company and the project that influence the delay and the extra cost. Once these variables are found, the relationship between them and the causes of delay and cost overrun is studied. Subsequently, the relationship between the categories of each of these causes of delay and cost overrun with the categories of the company and project variables is analyzed. In addition, the classification of the causes of delay and cost overrun is analyzed and the relationship between them is obtained. 53 projects executed in Ecuador that have been affected by different causes causing delays and / or cost overruns have been studied. Through a questionnaire, the necessary information was collected to carry out different statistical analyzes that allow us to find the answers to the above. The results obtained reflect the need to improve in the first place the collaboration and commitment on the part of all the parties involved in the development of a construction project, improve their communication and time optimization, in addition to implementing on the part of the companies a better contingency risk management and continuously monitor the processes and resources both material and human involved in the execution of the works.

[ES] Descripcion: La presente investigación pretende estudiar proyectos de construcción que han sido afectados por diferentes causas que han generado retrasos y sobrecostes en los mismos.

A partir de una revisión literaria se puede observar que las causas que generan estos problemas en los proyectos son de diferentes tipos, destacando algunas que suceden con mayor periodicidad y tienen un mayor impacto. A esta revisión, se suma la opinión de expertos de la región de estudio que corroborarán la aparición de estas causas en los proyectos ejecutados. Ambos resultados serán el punto de partida para la elaboración de un fichero base para realizar entrevistas a empresas constructoras de Ecuador.

Dicha entrevista servirá para caracterizar la situación, permitiendo estudiar a los factores que actualmente influyen en los proyectos causando retrasos y sobrecostes.

Con la ayuda de análisis estadísticos se pretende analizar la influencia de las características de las empresas sobre los diferentes factores que causan estos impactos negativos en sus proyectos, dependiendo del tipo de proyecto, monto, lugar de ubicación, etc. Teniendo como variable de respuesta al porcentaje de retrasos y sobrecoste que se generan.

Con estos resultados claros, se generarán una serie de conclusiones sobre las cuales se pretende realizar una serie de recomendaciones para mejorar el sistema y evitar al máximo la ocurrencia de estas causas que generan pérdidas a las empresas de este tipo. Objetivos: - Identificar las causas de retraso y sobrecoste más influyentes existentes en la literatura. - Determinar las causas de retraso y sobrecoste más importantes en Ecuador. - Analizar y evaluar el impacto de las causas de retraso y sobrecoste en los proyectos de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de construcción en Ecuador. - Proponer recomendaciones para minimizar los retrasos y por ende sobrecostes en los proyectos.

Alcance: El presente estudio analizará proyectos constructivos de las empresas de la región austral de Ecuador.