Biofloc como sistema productivo para el langostino (Penaeus vannamei)

Abstract

[ES] La tecnología Biofloc (BFT) se basa principalmente en el principio de reciclaje de nutrientes de desecho, en particular nitrógeno, en biomasa microbiana que puede ser utilizada in situ por los animales producidos o ser recogida y procesada en ingredientes para piensos. La producción de langostino (Penaeus vannamei) bajo TBF logra los principales objetivos de la acuicultura futura: la expansión no debe significar un aumento de los recursos naturales, amigable con el medio ambiente y con una alta relación beneficio/coste. Un sistema de biofloc clásico requiere aportes externos de una fuente de carbono exógena para mantener la proporción adecuada de carbono a nitrógeno (C / N), lo que supone un manejo complejo y costoso, ya que se debe agregar a lo largo de todo el experimento con un cálculo cuidadoso y una supervisión constante para evitar sobredosificaciones o inanición. Es por ello que en el actual, se desarrollan BFT como sistema productivo para la cría del langostino utilizando diferentes fuentes de carbono y dosis, con el fin de realizar un informe de aquellos que niveles proporcionan mejores valores productivos.

[EN] For traditional aquaculture, nowadays, the degradation of natural resources, marine intrusion, water pollution and the existing outbreaks of diseases due to the concentration of a large number of animals in a more or less reduced space, are a series of environmental problems. The BFT could solve these problems thanks to the advantages it provides, it improves the productive parameters allowing a super-intensive production, besides being a closed system allows a greater biosafety since the water exchange is null or minimal to compensate for evaporation losses. In addition to biofloc, other applications can be given that contribute to the circular economy. Consequently, in this thesis, the production of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in a biofloc system is presented. The study has been carried out with two different carbon sources; molasses and yeast. We will be measuring daily: the temperature, oxygen, pH and salinity. Twice a week the nitrogenous compounds (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate), total suspended solids (SST), phosphorus and alkalinity will be measured; and every two weeks sampling will be carried out to collect data on survival and weight gain. Most of the physicochemical parameters of the water were among the optimal values for shrimp farming. As for the productive parameter weight, it increased progressively as the research progressed, where the molasses experimental group, at the end of the experiment, was the one that reached the highest values. Survival was not good, registering a higher mortality in the first three weeks due to the high values of nitrogen compounds and the level of TSS produced. Finally, the molasses group showed the best results in terms of productive parameters and the yeast group in terms of physichemical parameters of the water. In addition, the 22/1 ratio was the most suitable for P. vannamei rearing under BFT.