Reconstrucción virtual en 3D del castillo de Gauzón (Castrillón, Principado de Asturias)

Abstract

[EN] The virtual reconstruction of a site is the mirror in which the archaeological research process is reflected, with all its uncertainties and certainties, generating a space for reflection on the lost materiality while the vestige itself is reconfigured into a didactic and social resource. Here we present the result of the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the archaeological structures preserved in the Peñón de Raíces, in Castrillón (Asturias), which correspond to the ruins of the castle of Gauzón, a famous fortification of the Asturian kings in which La Cruz de la Victoria was made in 908.The article begins with an introduction and a first part (Section 2) dedicated to the explanation of the site itself from an archaeological and historical point of view. We believe that this analysis should be the basis of any scientific virtual reconstruction. The virtual reconstruction presented here is dated to the 9-10th centuries and corresponds to the fortification built in the time of the Asturian kings. We offer a detailed analysis of the morphological and architectural components that have been documented in this defensive settlement in the light of archaeological research, and that provide the main foundations for the infographic reconstruction.In the second part of the article (Section 3), we analyze the specific sources of historical and archaeological information that support the reconstruction and serve as a reference for it. The historical-archaeological sources used for the representation, for example, of the walls and the palaeoenvironmental environment, are detailed. Likewise, we comment on the process of discussion of the different hypotheses that, finally, lead to the presented result. It is important to note that without this discussion process it is not possible to produce a sound and solid proposal over time.In the third part (Section 4), we show the result of the virtual reconstruction with a series of images. To obtain the virtual reconstruction presented in this article, the Blender Geographic Information System (GIS) addon has been used, which allows us to have a digital terrain model (DTM) on our 3D desktop easily so that we can begin to carry out the work from it. The archaeological planimetries were arranged on it and, based on all this information, the modelling process began. In the first place, basic modelling of volumes was carried out that served to raise the first sketches and, on them, to continue discussing the reconstructive hypotheses. Little by little the geometry of the virtual reconstruction was detailed and the castle took shape. The next step was to carry out texturing in a photorealistic way, for which it was decided to use Substance Painter software. We continued with the texturing and addition of details of the surrounding terrain using particle systems, which has been one of the most complex phases to carry out given the level of realism that we set ourselves as a goal. Later, other types of minor details were added: objects, characters and animals, which help to better understand the context. Finally, the final renderings are carried out and their post-processing is developed in Adobe Photoshop, for which matte painting techniques were used that merge 3D images with photographs and digital drawing.Our interest was to carry out scientific graphic work, for which we have emphasized the importance of using the scale depicting historical/archaeological evidence for virtual reconstructions, a tool that allows us to ensure the principles of authenticity and scientific transparency of any virtual reconstruction (Aparicio et al., 2016). In this case, thanks to this tool, it is clear that the highest level of evidence is found in the castle itself excavated in the acropolis, while the town and the surrounding palisade clearly show a lower level of evidence. We hope that subsequent excavations in this area will allow us to review the reconstruction and thus also reflect a higher level of evidence in this area. We believe that the work presented here constitutes a good example of the use of virtual scientific reconstruction for the development and consolidation of new hypotheses not only reconstructive but also interpretive of an archaeological site. Furthermore, the result presented here demonstrates the power of this graphic resource for the dissemination of historicalarchaeological knowledge, a fundamental objective when carrying out any scientific work.

[ES] La reconstrucción virtual de un yacimiento es el espejo en el que se refleja el proceso de investigación arqueológica, con todas sus incertidumbres y certezas, generándose un espacio de reflexión sobre la materialidad perdida a la par que el propio vestigio se reconfigura en recurso patrimonial, didáctico y social. Se presenta en este trabajo el resultado de la reconstrucción tridimensional (3D) de las estructuras arqueológicas conservadas en el Peñón de Raíces, en Castrillón (Asturias), y que se corresponden con las ruinas del castillo de Gauzón, célebre fortificación de los reyes astures en la cual se elaboró la Cruz de la Victoria en el año 908. En la primera parte del artículo se ofrece un análisis detallado de los componentes morfológicos y arquitectónicos que han sido documentados en este asentamiento defensivo a la luz de la investigación arqueológica, y que proporcionan los principales fundamentos de la reconstrucción infográfica. En un segundo apartado se revisan las fuentes de información histórica y los paralelos arqueológicos y arquitectónicos manejados, y que han ayudado a aquilatar las diferentes hipótesis reconstructivas contempladas aplicando una metodología comparativa. Se explica en último lugar el resultado obtenido con las infografías elaboradas, atendiendo al planteamiento de los bocetos preliminares, a la metodología de trabajo aplicada y al empleo de la escala de evidencia histórico-arqueológica. Nuestro principal interés era la realización de un trabajo gráfico científico, para lo cual hemos enfatizado la utilización de la escala que representa evidencia histórica/arqueológica para reconstrucciones virtuales, herramienta que nos permite asegurar los principios de autenticidad y transparencia científica en cualquier reconstrucción. Creemos que el trabajo aquí presentado constituye un buen ejemplo del uso de esta herramienta gráfica en el desarrollo y consolidación de nuevas hipótesis interpretativas de un sitio arqueológico, a la par que se demuestran sus capacidades en la difusión de los resultados de la propia investigación arqueológica.